1
tn (1:2) Heb "Get up!"
2tc (1:2) Heb "Cross over this Jordan, you and all these people, to the land that I am giving to them, to the children of Israel." The final phrase, "to the children of Israel," is probably a later scribal addition specifying the identity of "these people/them."
3tn (1:3) Heb "Every place on which the sole of your foot walks, to you I have given it, as I said to Moses." The second person pronouns in vv. 3-4 are plural, indicating that all the people are addressed here. The verbal form wyT!t^n+ ("I have given it") is probably a perfect of certitude, emphasizing the certainty of the action. Another option is to translate, "I have already assigned it." In this case the verb would probably refer to the LORD's decree to Abraham that he would give this land to his descendants.
4tn (1:4) Heb "all the land of the Hittites." The expression "the land of the Hittites" does not refer to Anatolia (modern Turkey), where the ancient Hittite kingdom of the second millennium B.C. was located, but rather to Syria, the "Hatti land" mentioned in inscriptions of the first millennium B.C. (see HALOT 363). The phrase is omitted in the LXX and may be a scribal addition.
5tn (1:4) Heb "the Great Sea," the typical designation for the Mediterranean Sea.
6tn (1:4) Heb "From the wilderness and this Lebanon even to the great river, the River Euphrates, all the land of the Hittites, even to the great sea [at] the place where the sun sets, your territory will be."
7tn (1:5) Heb "A man will not stand before you." The second person pronouns in this verse are singular, indicating Joshua is the addressee.
8tn (1:6) Heb "For you will cause these people to inherit the land that I swore to their fathers to give to them." The pronoun "them" at the end of the verse refers to either the people or to the fathers.
9tn (1:7) Or "Only be."
10tn (1:7) Heb "so you can be careful to do." The use of the infinitive rm)v=l! ("to keep") after the imperatives suggests that strength and bravery will be necessary for obedience. Another option is to take the form rm)v=l! as a vocative lamed with imperative (see Isa 38:20 for an example of this construction), which could be translated, "Indeed, be careful!"
11tn (1:7) Heb "commanded you."
12tn (1:7) Heb "be wise," but the word can mean "be successful" by metonymy.
13tn (1:7) Heb "in all which you go."
14tn (1:8) Heb "mouth."
sn (1:8) This law scroll must not leave your lips. The ancient practice of reading aloud to oneself as an aid to memorization is in view here.
15tn (1:8) Heb "read it in undertones," or "recite it quietly" (see HALOT 237).
16tn (1:8) Heb "be careful to do."
17tn (1:8) Heb "you will make your way prosperous."
18tn (1:8) Heb "and be wise," but the word can mean "be successful" by metonymy.
19tn (1:9) Heb "Have I not commanded you?" The rhetorical question emphasizes the importance of the following command by reminding the listener that it is being repeated.
20tn (1:9) Or perhaps, "don't get discouraged!"
21tn (1:9) Heb "in all which you go."
22tn (1:10) Or "commanded."
23tn (1:11) Heb "this Jordan."
24tn (1:11) Heb "to enter to possess the land which the LORD your God is giving to you to possess it."
25tn (1:13) Heb "remember the word which Moses, the LORD's servant, commanded you."
sn (1:13) This command can be found in Deut 3:18-20. In vv. 13-15 Joshua paraphrases the command, as the third person reference to Moses in v. 14 indicates.
26tn (1:13) Heb "is providing rest for you and is giving to you this land."
sn (1:13) "This land" refers to the trans-Jordanian lands allotted to these tribes.
27tn (1:14) Heb "But you must cross over armed for battle before your brothers, all [you] mighty men of strength."
28tn (1:15) Heb "Then you may return to the land of your possession and possess it, that which Moses, the LORD's servant, gave to you beyond the Jordan toward the rising of the sun."
29tn (1:17) Heb "listened to."
30tn (1:17) Or "Only." Here and in v. 18 this word qualifies what precedes (see also v. 7).
31tn (1:18) Heb "any man who rebels against your mouth and does not listen to your words, to all which you command us, will be put to death."
32tn (1:18) Or "Only." Here and in v. 17 this word qualifies what precedes (see also v. 7).
1tn (2:1) Heb "Joshua, son of Nun, sent from Shittim two men, spies, secretly, saying."
2tn (2:1) Heb "go, see the land, and Jericho."
3tn (2:1) Heb "they went and entered the house of a woman, a prostitute, and her name was Rahab, and they slept there."
4tn (2:2) Or "look."
5tn (2:2) Heb "men have come here tonight from the sons of Israel."
6tn (2:3) Heb "and the king of Jericho sent to Rahab, saying."
7tn (2:3) Heb "bring out."
8tn (2:3) The idiom "come to" (la# aw{b) probably has sexual connotations here, as it often does elsewhere when a man "comes to" a woman. If so, the phrase could be translated "your clients." The instructions reflect Rahab's perspective as to the identity of the men.
9tn (2:3) The words "the ones who came to your house" (Heb "who came to your house") may be a euphemistic scribal addition designed to blur the sexual connotation of the preceding words.
10tn (2:4) Heb "The woman took the two men and hid him." The third masculine singular pronominal suffix on "hid" has to be a scribal error (see GKC §135.p).
11tn (2:4) Heb "the men came to me." See the note on this phrase in v. 3.
12tn (2:5) Heb "And the gate was to be shut in the darkness and the men went out."
13tn (2:6) Heb "arranged in rows by her."
14tn (2:7) Another way to translate vv. 6-7 would be, "While she took them up to the roof and hid them..., the king's men tried to find them...." Both of the main clauses have the subject prior to the predicate, perhaps indicating simultaneous action. (On the grammatical point, see Williams, Hebrew Syntax, §235.) In this case Rahab moves the Israelite spies from the hiding place referred to in v. 4 to a safer and less accessible hiding place.
15tn (2:7) The word "River" is not in the Hebrew text, but is supplied for clarity.
16tn (2:7) Heb "And the men chased after them [on] the road [leading to] the Jordan to the fords." The text is written from the perspective of the king's men. As far as they were concerned, they were chasing the spies.
17tn (2:7) Heb "And they shut the gate after--as soon as the ones chasing after them went out." The expressions "after" and "as soon as" may represent a conflation of alternate readings.
18tn (2:8) Heb "they."
19tn (2:8) Heb "she"; the referent (Rahab) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
20tn (2:8) The Hebrew text adds, "to them." This is somewhat redundant in English and has not been translated.
21tn (2:9) Heb "has given the land to you." Rahab's statement uses the Hebrew perfect, suggesting certitude.
22tn (2:9) Heb "terror of you has fallen upon us."
23tn (2:9) Or "melting away because of."
24tn (2:9) Both of these statements are actually subordinated to "I know" in the Hebrew text, which reads, "I know that the LORD...and that terror of you...and that all the inhabitants...."
25tn (2:10) Heb "and what you did to the two Amorite kings who were beyond the Jordan, Sihon and Og, how you annihilated them."
26tn (2:11) Heb "And we heard and our heart[s] melted and there remained no longer breath in a man because of you."
27tn (2:12) Heb "Now, swear to me by the LORD."
sn (2:12) To swear an oath in the LORD's name would make the LORD the witness and guarantor of the promise attached to the oath. If the person making the oath should go back on the promise, the LORD would judge him for breaking the contract.
28tn (2:12) Heb "with the house of my father."
29tn (2:12) Heb "true sign," that is, "an inviolable token or pledge."
30tn (2:13) Or "our lives."
31tn (2:14) The second person pronoun is masculine plural, indicating that Rahab's entire family is in view.
32tn (2:14) Heb "Our lives in return for you to die." If the lives of Rahab's family are not spared, then the spies will pay for the broken vow with their own lives.
33tn (2:14) Heb "If you do not report this matter of ours."
34tn (2:14) Heb "allegiance and faithfulness." These virtual synonyms are joined in the translation as "unswerving allegiance" to emphasize the degree of promised loyalty.
35tn (2:14) The second person pronoun is feminine singular, referring specifically to Rahab.
36tn (2:15) Heb "she"; the referent (Rahab) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
37tc (2:15) The phrase "by a rope" is omitted in the LXX. It may be a later clarifying addition. If original, the omission in the LXX is likely due to an error of homoioarcton. A scribe's or translator's eye could have jumped from the initial b in the phrase lb#j#B~, "with a rope," to the initial b on the immediately following du^b=, "through," and accidentally omitted the intervening letters.
38tn (2:15) Heb "For her house."
39tc (2:15) These explanatory statements are omitted in the LXX and probably represent a later scribal addition.
40tn (2:16) Heb "Go."
41tn (2:16) Heb "so that the pursuers might not meet you."
42tn (2:16) Heb "the pursuers." The object ("you") is not in the Hebrew text but is implied.
43tn (2:17) Heb "We are free from this oath of yours which you made us swear." The words "unless the following conditions are met" are not in the Hebrew text, but are added for clarification.
44tn (2:18) Heb "Look! We are about to enter the land."
45tn (2:18) Heb "the cord of this red thread."
46tn (2:18) Heb "and your father and your mother and your brothers and all the house of your father gather to yourself to the house."
47tn (2:19) Heb "Anyone who goes out from the doors of your house to the outside, his blood is on his head. We are innocent."
48tn (2:19) Heb "But anyone who is with you in the house, his blood is on our head if a hand should be on him."
49tn (2:20) Heb "and if you report this matter of ours."
50tn (2:21) Heb "According to your words, so it [will be]."
51tn (2:21) Heb "she sent them away and they went."
52tn (2:22) Heb "they went and came."
53tn (2:22) Heb "the pursuers." The object ("them") is added for clarification.
54tn (2:22) Heb "the ones chasing them." This has been rendered as "their pursuers" in the translation to avoid redundancy with the preceding clause.
55tn (2:22) Heb "The pursuers looked in all the way and did not find [them]."
56tn (2:23) The words "the river," though not in the Hebrew text, are added for clarification.
57tn (2:24) Heb "Surely the LORD has given into our hand all the land." The report by the spies uses the Hebrew perfect, suggesting certitude.
58tn (2:24) Heb "are melting away because of us."
1tn (3:1) Heb "And Joshua arose early in the morning and he and the Israelites left Shittim and came to the Jordan."
2tn (3:1) The words "the river," though not in the Hebrew text, have been supplied in the translation for clarity.
3sn (3:3) The ark of the covenant refers to the wooden chest that symbolized God's presence among his covenant people.
4tn (3:3) Heb "set out from your place."
5tn (3:3) Or "march."
6tn (3:4) Heb "But there should be a distance between you and it, about two thousand cubits in measurement."
sn (3:4) The precise distance is uncertain, but the measurement designated hM*a^ ("cubit") was probably equivalent to approximately eighteen inches (one and one-half feet, or 45 cm) in length.
7tn (3:4) Heb "do not approach it."
8tn (3:4) Heb "know."
9tn (3:7) Or more literally, "to exalt you in the eyes of all Israel."
10tn (3:8) Heb "the edge of the waters of the Jordan." The word "River" is not in the Hebrew text, but has been supplied for clarity.
11tn (3:8) Heb "stand in the Jordan." Here the repetition of the word "Jordan" would be redundant according to contemporary English style, so it was not included in the translation.
12tn (3:10) Heb "said."
13tn (3:11) Or "Lord"; or "Master."
14tn (3:13) Heb "the soles of the feet."
15tn (3:13) Or "Lord"; or "Master."
16tn (3:13) Or "rest in."
17tn (3:13) Heb "the waters of the Jordan, the waters descending from above, will be cut off so that they will stand in one pile."
18tn (3:14) The verb, though not in the Hebrew, is added for clarification.
19tn (3:15) Heb "dipped into the edge."
20tn (3:15) Heb "and the Jordan overflows all its banks all the days of harvest."
sn (3:15) The lengthy description of the priests' arrival at the Jordan and the parenthetical reminder that the Jordan was at floodstage delay the climax of the story and add to its dramatic buildup.
21tn (3:16) Heb "the waters descending from above stood still."
22tn (3:16) Heb "they stood in one pile very far away."
23tn (3:16) Heb "the [waters] descending toward the sea of the Arabah (the Salt Sea) were completely cut off."
sn (3:16) The Salt Sea is an ancient name for the Dead Sea.
24tn (3:17) Heb "and all Israel was crossing over on dry ground until all the nation had finished crossing the Jordan."
1tn (4:1) Heb "And when all the nation had finished crossing the Jordan."
2tn (4:3) Heb "the feet of the priests."
3tn (4:6) Heb "that this may be"; the referent of "this" (the twelve stones) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
4tn (4:6) Heb "in order that this might be a sign among you."
5tn (4:7) Heb "were cut off from before."
6tn (4:7) Heb "how the waters descending from above stood still."
7sn (4:9) Joshua set up twelve stones. As v. 20 makes clear, these are not the same stones the men took from the river bed.
8tn (4:11) Heb "in the presence of the people."
9tn (4:13) Heb "men equipped for battle."
10tn (4:13) Heb "for war."
11tn (4:14) Heb "feared."
12tn (4:14) Heb "all the days of his life."
13tn (4:14) Heb "had feared."
14tn (4:16) Traditionally, "the ark of the testimony," another name for the ark of the covenant. The Hebrew term tWdu@ ("testimony" or "witness") here refers to the Mosaic covenant and the body of stipulations contained within it (see HALOT 791).
15tn (4:18) Heb "and the soles of the feet of the priests were brought up to the dry land."
16tn (4:18) Heb "and the waters of the Jordan returned to their place and went as formerly over their banks."
sn (4:18) Verses 15-18 give a more detailed account of the priests' crossing that had been briefly described in v. 11.
17sn (4:19) The first month was the month Abib (= late March-early April in the modern calendar). The Passover in Egypt also occurred on the tenth day of the first month (Exod 12:2; 13:4).
18tn (4:20) Heb "these," referring specifically to the twelve stones mentioned in vv. 3-7.
19tn (4:21) Heb "What are these stones?"
20tn (4:22) Heb "make known."
21tn (4:22) Heb "crossed this Jordan"; the word "River" is not in the Hebrew text, but has been supplied to clarify the meaning.
22tn (4:23) Heb "just as the LORD your God did to the Red Sea when he dried [it] up before us while we crossed over."
23tn (4:24) Heb "in order that."
24tn (4:24) or, "peoples."
25tn (4:24) Heb "know the hand of the LORD that it is strong."
26tn (4:24) Heb "fear."
1tc (5:1) Another textual tradition has, "while we crossed."
2tn (5:1) Heb "their heart[s] melted and there was no longer in them breathe because of the sons of Israel."
3tn (5:2) Heb. "return, circumcise the sons of Israel a second time." The Hebrew term bWv ("return") is used here in an adverbial sense to indicate the repetition of an action.
4tn (5:3) Or "Gibeath Haaraloth." This name means "Hill of the Foreskins." Many modern translations simply give the Hebrew name, although an explanatory note giving the meaning of the name is often included.
sn (5:3) The name given to the place, Hill of the Foreskins was an obvious reminder of this important event.
5tn (5:4) Heb "All the people who went out from Egypt, the males, all the men of war, died in the desert in the way when they went out from Egypt."
6tn (5:5) Or "indeed."
7tn (5:5) Heb "people."
8tn (5:5) Heb "all the people."
9tn (5:6) Heb "all the nation, the men of war who went out from Egypt, who did not listen to the voice of the LORD, came to an end."
10tn (5:6) Some Hebrew MSS, as well as the Syriac version, support this reading. Most ancient witnesses read "us."
11tn (5:6) Heb "flowing with."
sn (5:6) The word picture a land rich in milk and honey depicts the land as containing many grazing areas (which would produce milk) and flowering plants (which would support the bees that produced honey).
12tn (5:7) Heb "their sons he raised up in their place."
13tn (5:8) Heb "nation."
14tn (5:9) Heb "rolled away."
15sn (5:9) One might take the disgrace of Egypt as a reference to their uncircumcised condition (see Gen 34:14), but the generation that left Egypt was circumcised (see v. 5). It more likely refers to the disgrace they experienced in Egyptian slavery. When this new generation reached the promised land and renewed their covenantal commitment to the Lord by submitting to the rite of circumcision, the LORD's deliverance of his people from slavery, which had begun with the plagues and the crossing of the Red Sea, reached its climax. See T. C. Butler, Joshua, 59.
16sn (5:9) The name Gilgal sounds like the Hebrew verb "roll away" (ll^G~, G*l^l).
17tn (5:11) The Hebrew text adds, "on this same day." This is somewhat redundant in English and has not been translated.
18tn (5:12) Heb "the day after, when they ate." The present translation assumes this means the day after the Passover, though it is possible it refers to the day after they began eating the land's produce.
19tn (5:12) Heb "and the sons of Israel had no more manna."
20tn (5:13) Heb "in."
21tn (5:13) Heb "he lifted up his eyes and looked. And look, a man was standing in front of him, and his sword was drawn in his hand." The verb hnh, "look," invites the reader to view the scene through Joshua's eyes. By calling the stranger "a man," the author reflects Joshua's perspective. The text shortly reveals his true identity (vv. 14-15).
22tn (5:13) Heb "Are you for us or for our enemies?"
23tc (5:14) Heb "He said, "Neither." An alternative reading is ol, "[He said] to him" (cf. NEB). This reading is supported by many Hebrew MSS, as well as the LXX and Syriac versions. The traditional reading of the MT, aO, "no, neither," is probably the product of aural confusion (the two variant readings sound the same in Hebrew). Although followed by a number of modern translations (cf. NIV, NRSV), this reading is problematic, for the commander of the LORD's army would hardly have declared himself neutral.
24sn (5:14) The Lord's heavenly army, like an earthly army, has a commander who leads the troops. For the phrase ab*x=-rc^ ("army commander") in the human sphere, see among many other references Gen 21:22, 32; 26:26; Judg 4:2, 7; 1 Sam 12:9.
25sn (5:14) The commander's appearance seems to be for Joshua's encouragement. Joshua could now lead Israel into battle knowing that the LORD's invisible army would ensure victory.
26tn (5:14) Heb "Joshua fell on his face to the ground and bowed down."
1tn (6:1) Heb "was shutting and shut up." HALOT 743 paraphrases, "blocking [any way of access] and blocked [against any who would leave]."
2tn (6:1) Heb "there was no one going out and there was no one coming in."
3tn (6:2) Heb "I have given into your hand Jericho." The Hebrew verb yT!t^n´ ("I have given") is probably best understood as a perfect of certitude, indicating the certainty of the action. The Hebrew pronominal suffix "your" is singular, being addressed to Joshua as the leader and representative of the nation. To convey to the modern reader what is about to happen and who is doing it, the translation "I am about to defeat Jericho for you" has been used.
4tn (6:3) Heb "and go around the city, all [you] men of war, encircling the city one time." The Hebrew verb <t#B)s^w+ ("and go around") is plural, being addressed to the whole army.
5tn (6:4) Heb "rams' horns, trumpets."
6tn (6:5) Heb "and it will be at the sounding of the horn, the ram's horn, when you hear the sound of the ram's horn." The text seems unduly wordy. The LXX omits "when you hear the sound of the ram's horn."
7tn (6:5) Heb "all the people will shout with a loud shout."
8tn (6:5) Heb "fall in its place."
9tn (6:5) Heb "and the people will go up, each man straight ahead."
10tn (6:7) An alternative reading is "and they said." In this case the subject is indefinite and the verb should be translated as passive, "[the army] was told."
11tn (6:7) Heb "the people."
12tn (6:7) Heb "pass by."
13tn (6:8) Heb "when Joshua spoke to the people."
14tn (6:10) Heb "the people."
15tn (6:10) Or "the shout."
16tn (6:10) Heb "do not let a word come out of your mouths."
17tn (6:10) Or "the shout."
18tn (6:10) Or "the shout."
19tn (6:11) Heb "and he made the ark of the LORD go around the city, encircling one time."
20tn (6:11) Heb "and they entered the camp and spent the night in the camp."
21tn (6:12) Heb "Joshua rose early in the morning and the priests picked up the ark of the LORD."
22tn (6:15) Heb "On the seventh day they rose early, when the dawn ascended."
23tn (6:15) Heb "and they went around the city according to this manner seven times, only on that day they went around the city seven times."
24tn (6:16) Heb "the people."
25tn (6:16) Or "the shout."
26tn (6:16) Heb "for the LORD has given to you the city." The verbal form is a perfect, probably indicating certitude here.
27tn (6:17) Or "dedicated to the LORD."
sn (6:17) To make the city set apart for the LORD would involve annihilating all the people and animals and placing its riches in the LORD's treasury (vv. 19, 21, 24).
28tn (6:17) Heb "messengers."
29tn (6:18) Heb "Only you keep [away] from what is set apart [to the LORD] so that you might not, as you are setting [it] apart, take some of what is set apart [to the LORD] and make the camp of Israel set apart [to destruction by the LORD] and bring trouble on it."
30tn (6:19) Heb "it is holy to the LORD."
31tc (6:20) Heb "and the people shouted and they blew the rams' horns." The initial statement ("and the people shouted") seems premature, since the verse goes on to explain that the battle cry followed the blowing of the horns. The statement has probably been accidentally duplicated from what follows. It is omitted in the LXX.
32tn (6:20) Heb "the people."
33tn (6:20) Heb "the sound of the horn."
34tn (6:20) Heb "they shouted with a loud shout."
35tn (6:20) Heb "fell in its place."
36tn (6:20) Heb "and the people went up into the city, each one straight ahead, and they captured the city."
37tn (6:21) Heb "all which was in the city."
38tn (6:22) Heb "the house of the woman, the prostitute."
39tn (6:22) Heb "and bring out from there the woman and all who belong to her as you swore on oath to her."
40tn (6:23) Or "placed them outside."
41tn (6:24) The Hebrew text adds "with fire."
42tn (6:24) Heb "the treasury of the house of the LORD."
43tn (6:25) Heb "kept alive."
44tn (6:25) Heb the house of her father."
45tn (6:25) Heb "in the midst of."
46tn (6:26) Normally the Hiphil of ubv has a causative sense, "make [someone] take an oath" (see Josh 2:17, 20), but here (see also Josh 23:7) no object is stated or implied. If Joshua is calling divine judgment down upon the one who attempts to rebuild Jericho, then "make a solemn appeal [to God as judge]" or "pronounce a curse" would be an appropriate translation. However, the tone seems stronger. Joshua appears to be announcing the certain punishment of the violator. 1 Kgs 16:34, which records the fulfillment of Joshua's prediction, supports this. Casting Joshua in a prophetic role, it refers to Joshua's statement as the "word of the LORD" spoken through Joshua.
47tn (6:26) Heb "rises up and builds."
48tc (6:26) The LXX omits "Jericho." It is probably a scribal addition.
49tn (6:26) The Hebrew phrase hwhy yn}p=l! rWra* ("cursed [i.e., condemned] before the LORD") also occurs in 1 Sam 26:19.
50tn (6:26) Heb "With his firstborn he will lay its foundations and with his youngest he will erect its gates." The Hebrew verb byX!y~ ("he will erect") is imperfect, not jussive, suggesting Joshua's statement is a prediction, not an imprecation.
51tn (6:27) Heb "and the report about him was in all the land." The Hebrew term Jr#a# ("land") may also be translated "earth."
1tn (7:1) Heb "But the sons of Israel were unfaithful with unfaithfulness concerning what was set apart [to the LORD]."
2tn (7:1) 1 Chr 2:6 lists a "Zimri" (but no Zabdi) as one of the five sons of Zerah (cf. also 1 Chr 7:17, 18).
3tn (7:1) Heb "took from what was set apart [to the LORD]."
4tn (7:1) Heb "the anger of the LORD burned against the sons of Israel."
sn (7:1) This incident illustrates well the principle of corporate solidarity and corporate guilt. The sin of one man brought the LORD's anger down upon the entire nation.
5tn (7:3) Heb "and they returned to Joshua and said to him."
6tn (7:3) Heb "Don't let all the people go up."
7tn (7:3) Heb "Let about two thousand men or about three thousand men go up to defeat Ai."
8tn (7:3) Heb "all the people for they are small."
9tn (7:5) The meaning and correct translation of the Hebrew word <yr]b*V= is uncertain. The translation "fissures" is based on usage of the plural form of the noun in Ps 60:4 HT (60:2 ET), where it appears to refer to cracks in the earth caused by an earthquake. Perhaps deep ravines or gorges are in view, or the word is a proper noun ("all the way to Shebarim").
10sn (7:5) The precise geographical location of the Israelite defeat at this "steep slope" is uncertain.
11tn (7:5) Or "army's."
12tn (7:5) Heb "and the heart of the people melted and became water."
13sn (7:6) Tearing one's clothes was an outward expression of extreme sorrow (see Gen 37:34; 44:13).
14tn (7:6) Or "elders."
15tn (7:6) Heb "and fell on his face to the ground before the ark of the LORD until evening, he and the elders of Israel."
16sn (7:6) Throwing dirt on one's head was an outward expression of extreme sorrow (see Lam 2:10; Ezek 27:30).
17tn (7:7) Heb "said."
18tn (7:8) Heb "turned [the] back."
19tn (7:9) Heb "and cut off our name."
20tn (7:9) Heb "What will you do for your great name?"
21tn (7:10) Heb "said."
22tn (7:10) Heb "Why are you falling on your face?"
23tn (7:11) Heb "They have violated my covenant which I commanded them."
24tn (7:11) Heb "what was set apart [to the LORD]."
25tn (7:11) Heb "and also they have stolen, and also they have lied, and also they have placed [them] among their items."
26tn (7:12) Heb "they turn [the] back before their enemies because they are set apart [to destruction by the LORD]."
27tn (7:12) The second person pronoun is plural in Hebrew, indicating these words are addressed to the entire nation.
28tn (7:12) Heb "what is set apart [to destruction by the LORD] from your midst."
29tn (7:13) Heb "what is set apart [to destruction by the LORD] [is] in your midst."
30tn (7:13) Heb "remove what is set apart [i.e., to destruction by the LORD] from your midst."
31tn (7:14) Heb "by your tribes."
32tn (7:14) Heb "takes forcefully, seizes."
33tn (7:14) Heb "houses."
34tn (7:14) Heb "by men."
35tn (7:15) Heb "with what was set apart [to the LORD]."
36tn (7:15) Heb "burned with fire."
37tn (7:16) Heb "by tribes."
38tn (7:17) See the note on "Zabdi" in 1 Chr 7:1.
39tn (7:17) Heb "and he selected Zabdi." The LORD is the apparent subject. The LXX supports reading a passive (Niphal) form here, as does the immediate context.
40tn (7:18) Heb "by men."
41tn (7:19) Heb "give glory to."
42tn (7:20) Heb "like this and like this I did."
43tn (7:21) Heb "Shinar," a reference to Babylon (cf. Gen 10:10; 11:2; 14:1). Many modern translations retain the Hebrew name "Shinar" (cf. NEB, NRSV) but some use the more familiar "Babylon" (cf. NIV, NLT).
44tn (7:21) Heb "shekels."
45tn (7:22) Heb "Look, [it was] hidden in his tent, and the silver was beneath it."
46tn (7:23) Heb "poured out," probably referring to the way the silver pieces poured out of their container.
47tn (7:24) Or "Trouble" The name is "Achor" in Hebrew, which means "disaster" or "trouble" (also in v. 26).
48tn (7:25) Or "trouble." The word is "achor" in Hebrew (also in the following clause).
49tc (7:25) Heb "and they burned them with fire and they stoned them with stones." These words are somewhat parenthetical in nature and are omitted in the LXX; they may represent a later scribal addition.
50tc (7:26) Heb "to this day." The phrase "to this day" is omitted in the LXX and may represent a later scribal addition.
1tn (8:1) Or perhaps "and don't get discouraged!"
2tn (8:1) Heb "Take with you all the people of war and arise, go up against Ai!"
3tn (8:1) Heb "I have given into our hand." The verbal form, a perfect, is probably best understood as a perfect of certitude, indicating the certainty of the action.
4tn (8:3) "And Joshua and all the people of war arose to go up [against] Ai."
5tn (8:4) Or "commanded, ordered."
6tn (8:5) Heb "the people."
7tn (8:6) Heb "come out after."
8tn (8:7) Heb "from the ambush."
9tn (8:7) Heb "take possession of."
10tn (8:8) Heb "the city."
11tn (8:8) Heb "I have commanded you."
12tn (8:9) Or "the place of ambush."
13tn (8:9) Heb "and they stayed between Bethel and Ai, west of Ai."
14tn (8:9) Heb "in the midst of the people."
15tn (8:10) Or "summoned, mustered."
16tn (8:10) Heb "the people."
17tn (8:10) Or "elders."
18tn (8:10) Heb "went up."
19tn (8:10) Heb "them" (referring to "the people" in the previous clause, which requires a plural pronoun). Since the translation used "army" in the previous clause, a singular pronoun ("it") is required in English.
20tn (8:11) Heb "All the people of war who were with him went up and approached and came opposite the city."
21tn (8:11) Heb "and the valley [was] between them and Ai."
22tn (8:13) Some Hebrew MSS read, "spent the night in."
23tn (8:14) Heb "When the king of Ai saw, the men of Ai hurried and rose early and went out to meet Israel for battle, he and all his people at the meeting place before the Arabah."
24tn (8:14) Or "know."
25tn (8:14) Heb "that (there was) an ambush for him behind the city."
26tn (8:16) Heb "All the people."
27tc (8:16) Some textual witnesses read "the city."
28tn (8:16) Or "were summoned"; or "were mustered."
29tc (8:17) The LXX omits the words "or Bethel."
30tn (8:17) Heb "who did not go out after Israel."
31tn (8:18) Heb "it"; the referent (the city of Ai) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
32tn (8:19) Heb "and ran."
33tn (8:20) Heb "and they saw, and look." The Hebrew term hN}h! ("look") draws attention to the scene and invites the audience to view the events from the perspective of the men of Ai.
34tn (8:20) Heb "and there was not in them hands to flee here or there." The Hebrew term <y]d^y´ ("hands") is idiomatic for "strength."
35tn (8:21) Heb "and that the smoke of the city ascended."
36tn (8:22) Heb "and these went out from the city to meet them and they were for Israel in the middle, some on this side, and others on the other side."
37tn (8:24) Heb "residents."
38tn (8:24) Heb "in the field, in the desert in which they chased them."
39tc (8:24) Heb "and all of them fell by the edge of the sword until they were destroyed." The LXX omits the words, "and all of them fell by the edge of the sword." They may represent a later scribal addition.
40tn (8:25) Heb "fell."
41tn (8:26) Heb "Joshua did not draw back his hand which held out the curved sword until he had annihilated all the residents of Ai."
42tn (8:27) Heb "according to the word of the LORD which he commanded Joshua."
43tn (8:28) Heb "and made it a permanent mound, a desolation, to this day."
44tn (8:29) Heb "until evening."
45sn (8:29) For the legal background of this action, see Deut 21:22-23.
46tn (8:29) Heb "to this day."
47tn (8:31) Heb "as it is written in the scroll of the law of Moses, an altar of whole stones on which no one had wielded iron." The expression "whole stones" refers to stones in their natural condition, i.e., not carved or shaped artificially with tools ("wielded iron").
48tn (8:31) Or "peace offerings."
49tn (8:32) Heb "and he wrote there on the stones a duplicate of the law of Moses which he wrote before the sons of Israel."
50tn (8:33) Heb "All Israel."
51tn (8:33) Or "elders."
52tn (8:33) Heb "like the resident alien, like the citizen." The language is idiomatic, meaning that both groups were treated the same, at least in this instance.
53tn (8:33) Heb "as Moses, the LORD's servant, commanded to bless the people, Israel, formerly."
sn (8:33) Moses' earlier instructions are found in Deut 11:29.
54tn (8:34) Or "afterwards."
55tn (8:35) Heb "There was not a word from all which Moses commanded that Joshua did not read aloud."
56tn (8:35) Heb "walked in their midst."
1tn (9:1) Heb "When all the kings who were beyond the Jordan heard."
2tn (9:1) Or "foothills"; Heb "the Shephelah."
3tn (9:1) Heb "all the coast of the Great Sea." The "Great Sea" was the typical designation for the Mediterranean Sea.
4tn (9:1) Heb "in front of."
5tn (9:2) Heb "they gathered together to fight against Joshua and Israel [with] one mouth."
6tc (9:4) Heb "and they went and [?]." The root and meaning of the verb form WrY´f^x=y] are uncertain. The form is most likely a corruption of WdY´f^x=y], read by some Hebrew MSS and ancient versions, from the root dwx ("take provisions," BDB 845 [II]) which also occurs in v. 11. Note NRSV "they went and prepared provisions"; cf. NEB "They went and disguised themselves"; NIV "they went as a delegation."
7tn (9:5) Heb "all the bread of their provisions."
8tn (9:5) Or "moldy."
9tn (9:7) Heb "in our midst."
10tn (9:8) Heb "we are your servants."
11tn (9:9) Or "servants."
12tn (9:9) Heb "name."
13tn (9:9) Heb "the report about him, all that he did in Egypt."
14tn (9:11) Heb "your servants."
15tn (9:12) Heb "in the day we went out to come to you."
16tn (9:12) Or "moldy."
17tn (9:14) Heb "took." This probably means they tasted some of the food to make sure it was stale.
18tn (9:14) Heb "but they did not ask the mouth of the LORD." This refers to seeking the Lord's will and guidance through an oracle.
19tn (9:15) Or "assembly."
20tn (9:15) Heb "Joshua made peace with them and made a treaty with them to let them live, and the leaders of the community swore an oath to them."
21tn (9:16) Heb "At the end of three days, after they made the treaty with them, they heard that they were neighbors to them and in their midst they were living."
22tn (9:18) Heb "by the LORD God of Israel."
23tn (9:18) Or "grumbled against."
24tn (9:19) Heb "to them by...."
25tn (9:19) Or "touch."
26tn (9:20) Heb "This is what we will do to them, keeping them alive so there will not be upon us anger concerning the oath which we swore to them."
27tc (9:21) Heb "and the leaders said to them." The LXX omits the words "and the leaders said to them."
28tn (9:21) The vav consecutive construction in the Hebrew text suggests that the narrative resumes at this point. The LXX reads here, "and they will be," understanding what follows to be a continuation of the leaders' words rather than a comment by the narrator.
29tn (9:21) Heb "as the leaders said to them."
30tn (9:22) Verses 22-27 appear to elaborate on v. 21b.
31tn (9:22) Heb "them."
32tn (9:22) Or "deceive."
33tn (9:22) Heb "live in our midst?"
34tn (9:23) Heb "Now you are cursed and a servant will not be cut off from you, woodcutters and water carriers for the house of my God."
35tn (9:24) Heb "your servants."
36tn (9:24) Or "we were very afraid."
37tn (9:25) Heb "so now, look, we are in your hand."
38tn (9:25) Heb "according to what is good and according to what is upright in your eyes to do us, do."
39tn (9:26) Heb "And he did to them so and he rescued them from the hand of the sons of Israel and they did not kill them."
40tn (9:27) Heb "and Joshua made them in that day woodcutters and water carriers for the community, and for the altar of the LORD to this day at the place which he chooses."
1tn (10:1) Heb "as he had done to Jericho and to its king, so he did to Ai and to its king."
2tn (10:1) Heb "and how."
3tn (10:2) This statement is subordinated to v. 1 in the Hebrew text, which reads literally, "When Adoni-Zedek...they feared greatly." The subject of the plural verb at the beginning of v. 2 is probably the residents of Jerusalem.
4tn (10:4) Heb "Come up to me and help me."
5tn (10:5) Heb "and they camped against Gibeon and fought against it."
6tn (10:6) Heb "do not let your hand drop from us."
7tn (10:6) Heb "your servants!"
8tn (10:6) Heb "have gathered against us."
9tn (10:7) Heb "And Joshua went up from Gilgal, he and all the people of war with him, and all the brave warriors."
10tn (10:8) Heb "I have given them into your hand." The verbal form is a perfect of certitude, emphasizing the certainty of the action.
11tn (10:8) Heb "and not a man [or, "one"] of them will stand before you."
12tn (10:9) Heb "Joshua came upon them suddenly, all the night he went up from Gilgal."
13tn (10:10) Or "caused to panic."
14tn (10:10) Heb "he." The referent is probably Israel (mentioned at the end of the previous sentence in the verse; cf. NIV, NRSV), but it is also possible that the LORD should be understood as the referent (cf. NASB "and He slew them with a great slaughter at Gibeon"), or even Joshua (cf. NEB "and Joshua defeated them utterly in Gibeon").
15tn (10:10) Heb "struck them down with a great striking down."
16tn (10:10) Or "ascent."
17tn (10:11) Heb "on the descent of."
18tn (10:11) Or "heaven" (also in v. 13). The same Hebrew term, <y]m^v* (v*m^y]<), may be translated "heaven(s)" or "sky" depending on the context.
19tn (10:12) Heb "Then Joshua spoke to the LORD in the day the LORD placed the Amorites before the sons of Israel and he said in the eyes of Israel." It is uncertain whether the phrase "before the sons of Israel" modifies the verb "placed" (as in the present translation, "delivered the Amorites over to the Israelites") or the verb "spoke" ("Joshua spoke to the LORD before the sons of Israel in the day the LORD delivered over the Amorites").
20tn (10:13) Heb "Is it not written down in the Scroll of the Upright One." Many modern translations render, "the Scroll [or Book] of Jashar," leaving the Hebrew name "Jashar" (which means "Upright One") untranslated.
sn (10:13) The Scroll of the Upright One was apparently an ancient Israelite collection of songs and prayers (see also 2 Sam 1:18).
21tn (10:13) Heb "and did not hurry to set [for] about a full day."
22tn (10:14) Heb "listened to the voice of."
23tn (10:16) Heb "these five kings."
24tn (10:18) Heb "and appoint by it men to guard them."
25tn (10:19) Heb "But [as for] you, don't stand still, chase after your enemies and attack them from the rear."
26tn (10:19) Or "enter into."
27tn (10:19) Heb "has given them into your hand." The verbal form is a perfect of certitude, emphasizing the certainty of the action.
28tn (10:20) Heb "When Joshua and the sons of Israel finished defeating them with a very great defeat until they were destroyed (now the survivors escaped to the fortified cities)." In the Hebrew text the initial temporal clause ("when Joshua...finished") is subordinated to v. 21 ("the whole army returned").
29tn (10:21) Heb "all the people returned to the camp, to Joshua [at] Makkedah [in] peace."
30tc (10:21) Heb "No man." The lamed prefixed to vya! ("man") is probably dittographic (note the immediately preceding la@r´c=y], which ends in lamed); cf. the LXX.
31tn (10:21) Heb "no man sharpened [or perhaps, "pointed"] his tongue against the sons of Israel." Cf. NEB "not a man of the Israelites suffered so much as a scratch on his tongue," which understands "sharpened" as "scratched" (referring to a minor wound). Most modern translations understand the Hebrew expression "sharpened his tongue" figuratively for opposition or threats against the Israelites.
32tn (10:22) Heb "these five kings."
33tn (10:23) Heb "they did so."
34tn (10:23) Heb "these five kings."
35tn (10:24) Heb "Joshua." The translation has replaced the proper name with the pronoun ("he") because a repetition of the proper name here would be redundant according to English style.
36tn (10:24) Or "Draw near."
37tn (10:24) Or "drew near."
38tn (10:25) Or perhaps "and don't get discouraged!"
39tn (10:26) Heb "struck them down and killed them."
40sn (10:27) For the legal background of the removal of the corpses before sundown, see Deut 21:22-23.
41tn (10:27) Heb "to this very day." The words "They remain" are supplied in the translation for clarification.
42tn (10:29) Heb "Libnah." Repetition of the proper name here would be redundant according to English style, so the pronoun ("it") has been employed in the translation.
43tn (10:30) Heb "he"; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
44tn (10:30) Heb "he"; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
45tn (10:30) Heb "He"; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
46tn (10:30) Heb "he"; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
47tn (10:31) Heb "encamped against it."
48tn (10:32) Heb "he"; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
49tn (10:33) Heb "people."
50tn (10:34) Heb "they encamped against it."
51tn (10:35) Heb "he"; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
52tn (10:35) Heb "he"; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
53tn (10:37) Heb "he"; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
54tn (10:37) Heb "he"; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
55tn (10:37) Heb "he"; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
56tn (10:39) Heb "He"; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
57tn (10:39) Heb "he"; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
58tn (10:39) Heb "He"; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
59tn (10:39) Heb "he"; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).
60tn (10:39) Heb "as he did to Hebron, so he did to Debir and its king, and as he did to Libnah and its king."
61tn (10:40) Or "foothills"; Heb "the Shephelah."
62tn (10:41) Heb "and Joshua struck them down, from Kadesh Barnea even to Gaza, and all the land of Goshen, even to Gibeon."
63tn (10:42) Heb "at one time."
1tn (11:1) Heb "he sent to."
2tn (11:2) Heb "and to the kings who [are] from the north in."
3tn (11:2) Heb "Chinneroth," a city and plain located in the territory of Naphtali in Galilee (BDB 490).
sn (11:2) Kinnereth was a city in Galilee located near the Sea of Galilee (Deut 3:17). The surrounding region also became known by this name (1 Kgs 15:20; cf. Matt 14:34), and eventually even the lake itself (Josh 12:3; cf. Luke 5:1).
4tn (11:3) The verb "came" is supplied in the translation (see v. 4).
5tn (11:3) Or "land."
6tn (11:4) Heb "They and all their camps with them came out, a people as numerous as the sand which is on the edge of the sea in multitude, and [with] horses and chariots very numerous."
7tn (11:5) Heb "and came and camped together."
8tn (11:6) Heb "burn with fire"; the words "with fire" are redundant in English and have not been included in the translation.
9tn (11:7) Heb "Joshua and all the people of war with him came upon them at the Waters of Merom suddenly and fell upon them."
10tn (11:8) The meaning of the Hebrew name "Misrephoth Maim" is perhaps "lime-kilns by the water" (see HALOT 641).
11tn (11:9) Heb "burned with fire"; the words "with fire" are redundant in English and have not been included in the translation.
12tn (11:10) Or "formerly."
13tn (11:11) Heb "and they struck down all life which was in it with the edge of the sword, annihilating."
14tn (11:11) Heb "burned with fire"; the words "with fire" are redundant in English and have not been included in the translation.
15tn (11:12) Heb "and he struck them down with the edge of the sword, he annihilated them."
16tn (11:13) Heb "standing on their mounds."
17tn (11:14) Heb "but all the people they struck down with the edge of the sword until they destroyed them."
18tn (11:15) Heb "As the LORD commanded Moses his servant, so Moses commanded Joshua, and Joshua acted accordingly; he did not turn aside a thing from all which the LORD commanded Moses."
19tn (11:16) Heb "Joshua took all this land."
20tn (11:16) Or "foothills"; Heb "the Shephelah."
21tn (11:17) Heb "and struck them down and killed them."
22tn (11:18) Heb "made war with."
23tn (11:18) Heb "for many days."
24tn (11:19) The LXX omits this parenthetical note, which may represent a later scribal addition.
25tn (11:19) Heb "the whole they took in battle."
26tn (11:20) Heb "for from the LORD it was to harden their heart[s] to meet for the battle with Israel, in order to annihilate them, so that they would receive no mercy, in order annihilate them, as the LORD commanded Moses."
27tn (11:21) Heb "went and cut off the Anakites from the hill country."
28tn (11:21) Heb "and from all the hill country of Israel."
29tn (11:23) Heb "took."
30tn (11:23) Heb "according to all which the LORD said to Moses." The translation assumes this refers to the promise of the land (see 1:3). Another possibility is that it refers to the Lord's instructions, in which case the phrase could be translated, "just as the LORD had instructed Moses" (so NLT; cf. also NIV "had directed Moses").
31tn (11:23) Heb "and Joshua gave it for an inheritance to Israel according to their allotted portions by their tribes."
1tn (12:1) Heb "and took possession of their land."
2tn (12:1) Heb "beyond the Jordan, toward the rising of the sun."
3tn (12:2) Or perhaps, "reigned."
4tc (12:2) The MT reads here, "and the middle of the valley," but the reading "the city in the middle of valley" can be reconstructed on the basis of Josh 13:9, 16.
5tn (12:3) The words "his kingdom included" are supplied in the translation for clarification.
6sn (12:3) The Sea of Kinnereth is another name for the Sea of Galilee. See the note on the word "Kinnereth" in 11:2.
7sn (12:3) The Salt Sea is another name for the Dead Sea.
8tn (12:4) Heb "from the remnant of the Rephaites."
sn (12:4) The Rephaites were apparently an extremely tall ethnic group. See Deut 2:10-11, 20; 3:11.
9tn (12:4) Or perhaps "who reigned."
10tn (12:6) Heb "gave it for a possession."
11tn (12:7) Heb "Joshua gave it to the tribes of Israel as a possession according to their allotted portions."
12tn (12:8) Or "the foothills"; Heb "the Shephelah."
13tn (12:8) The words "the land of" are supplied in the translation for clarification.
1tn (13:1) Heb "was old, coming into the days." This expression, referring to advancing in years, also occurs in the following clause.
2tn (13:3) Heb "the Shihor"; the word "River" is not in the Hebrew text, but has been supplied to clarify the meaning.
3tn (13:3) Heb "in front of."
4tn (13:3) Heb "it is reckoned to the Canaanites."
5tn (13:3) Heb "the five lords of the Philistines, the Gazaite, the Ashdodite, the Ashkelonite, the Gathite, and the Ekronite, and the Avvites."
6tn (13:4) Or "from Teman." The phrase is especially problematic if taken with what follows, as the traditional verse division suggests. For further discussion see T. C. Butler, Joshua, 146.
7tn (13:4) Heb "all the land of the Canaanites."
8tc (13:4) The reading "Arah" assumes a slight emendation of the Hebrew vowel pointing. The MT reads, "and a cave," or "and Mearah" (if one understands the word as a proper noun).
9tn (13:4) Heb "which belongs to the Sidonians."
10tn (13:5) Heb "and the land of the Gebalites."
11tn (13:5) Or "the entrance to Hamath." Most modern translations take the phrase "Lebo Hamath" to be a proper name, but often provide a note with the alternative, where "Hamath" is the proper name and aobl= (l+boa) is taken to mean "entrance to."
12tn (13:6) The meaning of the Hebrew name "Misrephoth Maim" is perhaps "lime-kilns by the water" (see HALOT 641).
13tn (13:6) Heb "only you, assign it by lots to Israel as an inheritance as I commanded you."
14tn (13:7) Heb "now apportion this land as an inheritance."
15tn (13:8) The MT reads "with him," which is problematic, since the reference would be to the other half of the tribe of Manasseh (not the half mentioned in v. 7).
16tn (13:8) Heb "received their inheritance, which Moses had assigned to them beyond the Jordan."
17tn (13:9) The words "their territory started" are supplied in the translation for clarification.
18tn (13:11) The words "their territory also included" are supplied in the translation for clarification.
19tn (13:12) Heb "from the remnant of the Rephaites."
sn (13:12) The Rephaites were apparently an extremely tall ethnic group. See Deut 2:10-11, 20; 3:11.
20tn (13:12) Or "dispossessed them."
21tn (13:13) Or "dispossess."
22tn (13:14) Heb "he"; the referent (Moses) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
23tn (13:14) Heb "did not assign an inheritance."
24tn (13:14) That is, "their source of food and life."
25tn (13:14) Or "offerings made by fire."
26tn (13:14) Or "promised" (Heb "spoke").
sn (13:14) For the background of this observation, see Deut 18:1-2.
27tn (13:15) Heb "assigned to the sons of Reuben."
28tn (13:16) Heb "their territory was from."
29tn (13:21) The words "it encompassed" are supplied in the translation for clarification.
30tn (13:21) Heb "princes of Sihon, inhabitants of the land."
31tn (13:22) Or "diviner."
32tn (13:22) Heb "Balaam son of Beor, the omen-reader, the Israelites killed with the sword, along with their slain ones."
33tn (13:23) Heb "This is the inheritance of the sons of Reuben by their clans, the cities and their towns."
34tn (13:24) Heb "assigned to the tribe of Gad, to the sons of Gad."
35tn (13:25) Heb "and half of the land of the sons of Ammon."
36tn (13:25) Heb "in front of."
37tn (13:26) The words "Their territory ran" are not in the Hebrew text, but have been supplied for clarification.
38tn (13:27) Or "it included in the valley, Beth Haram."
39sn (13:27) The Sea of Kinnereth is another name for the Sea of Galilee. See the note on the word "Kinnereth" in 11:2.
40tn (13:28) Heb "This is the inheritance of the sons of Gad by their clans, the cities and their towns."
41tn (13:29) Heb "assigned to the half-tribe of Manasseh, and it belonged to the half-tribe of Manasseh."
42tn (13:30) The words "their territory started at" are not in the Hebrew text, but have been supplied for clarification.
43sn (13:30) The Hebrew name Havvoth Jair means "the tent villages of Jair."
44tn (13:32) Heb "These are [the lands] which Moses gave as an inheritance."
45tn (13:32) Heb "beyond the Jordan, east of Jericho." The word "River" is not in the Hebrew text, but has been supplied to clarify the meaning.
46tn (13:33) Heb "Moses did not assign an inheritance." The word "land" has been supplied in the translation to clarify what the inheritance consisted of.
47tn (13:33) That is, "their source of food and life."
48tn (13:33) Or "as he promised"; Heb "as he spoke to."
sn (13:33) For the background of this observation, see Deut 18:1-2.
1tn (14:1) Heb "These are [the lands] which the sons of Israel received as an inheritance in the land of Canaan, which Eleazar the priest, Joshua son of Nun, and the heads of the fathers of the tribes assigned as an inheritance to the sons of Israel."
2tn (14:2) Heb "By lot was their inheritance, as the LORD had commanded by Moses, to the nine tribes and the half-tribe."
3tn (14:3) Or "assigned an inheritance."
4tn (14:3) Or "no inheritance."
5tn (14:3) The Hebrew text adds, "in their midst."
6tn (14:4) Heb "and they did not assign a portion to the Levites in the land, except cities [in which] to live and their pastures for their cattle and property."
7tn (14:5) Heb "Just as the LORD had commanded Moses, so the sons of Israel did, and they divided up the land."
8tn (14:6) Heb "You know the word which the LORD spoke to Moses, the man of God, because of me and because of you in Kadesh Barnea."
sn (14:6) On this incident at Kadesh Barnea see Num 14:30.
9tn (14:7) Heb "and I brought back to him a word just as [was] in my heart."
10tn (14:8) Heb "brothers."
11tn (14:8) Heb "went up with."
12tn (14:8) Heb "made the heart[s] of the people melt."
13tn (14:8) Heb "I filled up after the LORD my God," an idiomatic statement meaning that Caleb remained loyal to the LORD.
14tn (14:9) Heb "swore an oath."
15tn (14:9) Heb "on which your foot has walked."
16tn (14:9) Heb "will belong to you for an inheritance, and to your sons forever."
17tn (14:11) Heb "like my strength then, like my strength now, for battle and for going out and coming in."
18tn (14:12) Heb "are there and large, fortified cities."
19tn (14:12) Or "will dispossess."
20tn (14:13) Heb "Joshua blessed him and gave Hebron to Caleb son of Jephunneh as an inheritance."
21tn (14:14) Heb "Therefore Hebron belongs to Caleb son of Jephunneh for an inheritance to this day."
22tn (14:15) Heb "And he was the great man among the Anakites."
1tn (15:1) Heb "The lot was to the tribe of the sons of Judah by their clans to the border of Edom, the wilderness of Zin toward the south, southward."
2tn (15:2) Heb "Their southern border was from the end of the Salt Sea, from the tongue that faces to the south."
sn (15:2) The Salt Sea is another name for the Dead Sea (also in v. 5).
3tn (15:3) Heb "went out."
4tn (15:3) Or "the Pass of Akrabbim" ("akrabbim" means "scorpions" in Hebrew).
5tn (15:4) Traditionally "the Brook of Egypt," although a number of recent translations have "the Wadi of Egypt" (cf. NAB, NIV, NRSV).
6tn (15:4) The translation follows the LXX at this point. The MT reads, "This will be your southern border."
7tn (15:5) Heb "end."
8tn (15:5) The word "River" is not in the Hebrew text, but has been supplied for clarity.
9tn (15:5) Heb "the border on the northern side was from the tongue of the sea, from the end of the Jordan."
10tn (15:7) Or "ascent."
11tn (15:12) Heb "the Great Sea," the typical designation for the Mediterranean Sea.
12tn (15:12) Heb "this was the border of the sons of Judah round about, by their clans."
13tn (15:13) Heb "To Caleb son of Jephunneh he gave a portion in the midst of the sons of Judah according to the mouth [i.e., command] of the LORD to Joshua, Kiriath Arba (the father of Anak), it is Hebron."
14tn (15:14) Or "dispossessed."
15tn (15:15) Heb "he went up against the inhabitants of Debir."
16tn (15:17) "Caleb's brother" may refer either to Othniel or to Kenaz. If Kenaz was the brother of Caleb, Othniel is Caleb's nephew.
17tn (15:17) Heb "he"; the referent (Caleb) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
18tn (15:18) Heb. "she"; the referent (Acsah) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
19tn (15:18) Heb "him." The referent of the pronoun could be Othniel, in which case the translation would be, "she incited him [Othniel] to ask her father for a field." This is problematic, however, for Acsah, not Othniel, makes the request in v. 19. The LXX has "he [Othniel] urged her to ask her father for a field." This appears to be an attempt to reconcile the apparent inconsistency and probably does not reflect the original text. If Caleb is understood as the referent of the pronoun, the problem disappears. For a fuller discussion of the issue, see P. G. Mosca, "Who Seduced Whom? A Note on Joshua 15:18//Judges 1:14," CBQ 46 (1984): 18-22. This incident is also recorded in Judg 1:14.
20tn (15:19) Elsewhere this Hebrew word (hk*r´b=) is often translated "blessing," but here it refers to a gift (as in Gen 33:11; 1 Sam 25:27; 30:26; and 2 Kgs 5:15).
21tn (15:20) Heb "This is the inheritance of the tribe of the sons of Judah by their clans."
22tn (15:21) Heb "and the cities were at the end of the tribe of the sons of Judah, at the border of Edom, to the south."
23tn (15:32) The total number of names in the list is thirty-six, not twenty-nine. Perhaps (1) some of the names are alternatives (though the text appears to delineate clearly such alternative names here and elsewhere, see vv. 8, 9, 10, 13, 25b) or (2), more likely, later scribes added to a list originally numbering twenty-nine and failed to harmonize the concluding summary statement with the expanded list.
24tn (15:33) The words "these cities were" have been supplied for English stylistic reasons.
25tn (15:33) Or "the foothills"; Heb "the Shephelah."
26tn (15:45) Heb "daughters."
27tn (15:47) See the note on this place name in 15:4.
28tn (15:47) Heb "the Great Sea," the typical designation for the Mediterranean Sea.
29tn (15:48) The words "These cities were" have been supplied in the translation for English stylistic reasons.
30tc (15:52) Some Hebrew MSS and some MSS of the LXX read "Rumah" in place of "Dumah."
31tn (15:61) The words "These cities were" have been supplied for English stylistic reasons.
32sn (15:63) The statement to this very day reflects the perspective of the author, who must have written prior to David's conquest of the Jebusites (see 2 Sam. 5:6-7).
1tn (16:1) Heb "The lot went out to the sons of Joseph from the Jordan [at] Jericho to the waters of Jericho to the east, the desert going up from Jericho into the hill country of Bethel."
2tn (16:2) Heb "it"; the referent (the southern border) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
3tn (16:2) In the Hebrew text the place name "Luz" has the directive ending, indicating that the border went from Bethel to Luz. Elsewhere Luz and Bethel appear to be names for the same site (cf. Judg 1:23), but here they appear to be distinct. Note that the NIV translates "from Bethel (that is, Luz)" here, following the reading of the LXX, eij" Baiqhl Louza (eis Baiqhl Louza, "from Bethel [Luz]").
4tn (16:4) Or "received their inheritance."
5tn (16:5) Heb "The territory of the sons of Ephraim was for their clans."
6tn (16:7) The word "River" is not in the Hebrew text, but has been supplied in the translation for clarity.
7tn (16:8) Heb "This is the inheritance of the tribe of the sons of Ephraim."
8tn (16:9) Heb "and the cities set apart for the sons of Ephraim in the midst of the inheritance of the sons of Manasseh, all the cities and their towns."
9tn (16:10) Heb "they"; the referent (the Ephraimites) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
1tn (17:1) Heb "and the lot belonged to the tribe of Manasseh, for he was the firstborn of Joseph."
2tn (17:1) Heb "to Makir, the firstborn of Manasseh, the father of Gilead, for he was a man of war."
3tn (17:1) Heb "Gilead and Bashan belonged to him."
sn (17:1) On the assignment of Manasseh's territory in Gilead and Bashan, see Josh 13:31.
4tn (17:2) Heb "and it belonged to the sons of Manasseh who remained."
5tn (17:4) Heb "The LORD commanded Moses to assign to us an inheritance in the midst of our brothers." Since Zelophehad had no sons, "brothers" must refer to their uncles, as the next sentence makes clear.
6tn (17:4) Heb "he." The referent is probably Joshua, although Eleazar is mentioned first in the preceding list.
7tn (17:4) Heb "and he assigned to them in accordance with the mouth [i.e., command] of the LORD an inheritance in the midst of the brothers of their father."
8tn (17:5) Heb "and the allotted portions of Manasseh fell out ten."
9tn (17:7) Heb "was."
10tn (17:7) Heb "in front of"; perhaps "east of."
11tn (17:9) Heb "these cities belonged to Ephraim in the midst of the cities of Manasseh."
12tn (17:10) Heb "his"; the referent (Manasseh) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
13tn (17:10) Heb "they"; the referent (their territory) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
14tn (17:11) Or "the third [is] Napheth"; or "Napheth-dor." The meaning of the Hebrew phrase is uncertain.
15tn (17:11) Heb "Beth Shean and its surrounding towns, Ibleam and its surrounding towns, the residents of Dor and its surrounding towns, the residents of En Dor and its surrounding towns, the residents of Taanach and its surrounding towns, the residents of Megiddo and its surrounding towns, three of Nepheth."
16tn (17:12) Heb "sons"; "men" has been used in the translation because the context involves the conquest of cities; therefore, warriors (hence males) would be in view here.
17tn (17:12) Or "were determined."
18sn (17:13) On the Israelites' failure to conquer the Canaanites completely, see Judg 1:27-28.
19tn (17:14) Heb "Why have you given me as an inheritance one lot and one portion, though I am a great people until [the time] which, until now the LORD has blessed me?" The construction hK)-du^-rv#a& du^, "until [the time] which, until now," is extremely awkward. An emendation of the first du^ to lu^ yields a more likely reading, "for until now" (see HALOT 787).
20tn (17:15) Heb "If you are a great people."
21tn (17:16) The Hebrew text has simply "the hill country," which must here include the hill country of Ephraim and the forest regions mentioned in v. 15.
22tn (17:16) Heb "and there are iron chariots among all the Canaanites who live in the land of the valley, to those who are in Beth Shean and its daughters and to those who are in the Valley of Jezreel." Regarding the translation "chariots with iron-rimmed wheels" see Y. Yadin, The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands in the Light of Archaeological Study (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963), 255 and R. Drews, "The `Chariots of Iron' of Joshua and Judges," JSOT 45 (1989): 15-23.
23tn (17:17) Heb "house."
24tn (17:18) The Hebrew text has simply "the hill country," which must here include the hill country of Ephraim and the forest regions mentioned in v. 15.
25tn (17:18) Heb "and its limits will be yours."
1tn (18:1) Heb "the tent of assembly."
sn (18:1) On the tent of meeting see Exod 33:7-11.
2tn (18:1) Heb "and the land was subdued before them."
3tn (18:2) Heb "there were left among the sons of Israel who had not divided up their inheritance seven tribes."
4tn (18:3) Heb "How long are you putting off entering and possessing."
5tn (18:3) Or "fathers."
6tn (18:4) Heb "I will send them so they may arise and walk about in the land and describe it in writing according to their inheritance and come to me."
7tn (18:5) Heb "portions."
8tn (18:5) Heb "stand."
9tn (18:5) Heb "the house."
10tn (18:7) Or "the priesthood of the LORD."
11tn (18:7) Or "inheritance."
12tn (18:9) Heb "went and passed through."
13tn (18:11) Heb "and the lot came up for the tribe of the sons of Benjamin."
14tn (18:11) Heb "and the territory of their allotment went out between the sons of Judah and the sons of Joseph."
15tn (18:14) Heb "sons," here referring to the tribe.
16tn (18:14) Or "side."
17tn (18:17) Or "ascent."
18sn (18:19) The Salt Sea is another name for the Dead Sea.
19tn (18:19) Heb "to the tongue of the Salt Sea to the north, to the end of the Jordan to the south." The word "River" is not in the Hebrew text, but is supplied in the translation for clarity (also in the following verse).
20tn (18:20) Heb "This was the inheritance of the sons of Benjamin by its borders round about, by their clans."
21tn (18:21) Heb "the sons," here referring to the tribe.
22tn (18:28) The word "city" is supplied in the translation for clarification.
23tn (18:28) The structure of this list presents problems. In v. 28 no conjunction appears before "Haeleph" or "Kiriath" in the Hebrew text. This suggests they should be compounded with the preceding names, yielding "Zelah Haeleph" and "Gibeah Kiriath" respectively. This results in a list of only twelve cities, however, while the summary statement (v. 28) gives the number fourteen. One should note, however, that the city lists in chap. 15 do not consistently use the conjunction before the name of each city. See also Josh 19:7, where no conjunction appears before "Rimmon," but the summary assumes that Ain and Rimmon are distinct.
24tn (18:28) Heb "This is the inheritance of the sons of Benjamin."
1tn (19:1) Heb "and the second lot came out for Simeon, for the tribe of the sons of Simeon by their clans."
2tn (19:2) Heb "and they had in their inheritance."
3tc (19:2) The MT has "and Sheba" listed after "Beersheba. The LXX suggests "Shema." The Hebrew text appears to be corrupt, since the form "Sheba" duplicates the latter part of the preceding name. If Sheba (or Shema) is retained, the list numbers fourteen, one more than the number given in the concluding summary (v. 6).
4tn (19:8) Heb "this was the inheritance of the tribe of the sons of Simeon."
5tn (19:9) Heb "from the portion of the sons of Judah was the inheritance of the sons of Simeon for the portion of the sons of Judah was too large for them, and the sons of Simeon received an inheritance in the midst of their inheritance."
6tn (19:10) Heb "and the third lot came up for the sons of Zebulun."
7tn (19:10) Or "inheritance."
8tn (19:11) Heb "in front of"; perhaps "east of."
9tn (19:12) Heb "eastward toward the rising of the sun."
10tn (19:15) Heb "Kattah, Nahalal, Shimron, Idalah, and Bethlehem, twelve cities and their towns." The words "their territory included" and "in all they had" are supplied in the translation for clarification.
11tn (19:16) Heb "this is the inheritance of the sons of Zebulun."
12tn (19:17) Heb "the fourth lot came out for the sons of Issachar."
13tn (19:18) Or "their inheritance."
14tn (19:23) Heb "this was the inheritance of the tribe of the sons of Issachar."
15tn (19:24) Heb "and the fifth lot came out for the tribe of the sons of Asher."
16tn (19:27) Heb "left."
17tc (19:28) Some Hebrew MSS read "Abdon."
18tn (19:30) The words "in all they had" are supplied in the translation for clarification.
19tn (19:31) Heb "this was the inheritance of the tribe of the sons of Asher."
20tn (19:32) Heb "the sixth lot came out for the sons of Naphtali, for the sons of Naphtali."
21tn (19:33) Heb "and their border was from Heleph, from the oak of Zaanannim, and Adami Nekeb, and Jabneel to Lakkum."
22tn (19:33) The word "River" is not in the Hebrew text, but has been supplied for clarity.
23tc (19:34) The MT reads "Judah, the Jordan"; the LXX omits "Judah." Perhaps there was a town named Judah, distinct from the tribe of Judah, located near the northern end of the Jordan.
24sn (19:38) Instead of Yiron some English translations read Iron.
25tn (19:38) The words "in all they had" are supplied in the translation for clarification.
26tn (19:39) Heb "this was the inheritance of the tribe of the sons of Naphtali."
27tn (19:40) Heb "the sixth lot came out for the sons of Dan."
28tn (19:47) Heb "the territory of the sons of Dan went out from them."
29tn (19:47) Heb "Leshem." The pronoun ("it") has replaced the name "Leshem" in the translation for stylistic reasons.
30tn (19:47) Heb "according to the name of their father."
31tn (19:48) Heb "this was the inheritance of the tribe of the sons of Dan."
32tn (19:49) Heb "an inheritance in their midst."
33tn (19:51) Heb "the leaders of the fathers of the tribes."
34tn (19:51) Heb "at the entrance of the tent of assembly."
sn (19:51) On the tent of meeting see Exod 33:7-11.
1tn (20:2) Heb "Say to the sons of Israel, `Set aside for yourselves.'"
2tn (20:2) Or "asylum."
3tn (20:3) Heb "so that the one who kills, taking life accidentally without knowledge, may flee there."
4tn (20:4) Heb "he"; the referent (the one who accidentally kills another, cf. v. 2) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
5tn (20:4) Heb "and speak into the ears of the elders of that city his words."
6tn (20:4) Heb "and they should gather him into the city to themselves, give to him a place, and he will live with them."
7tn (20:5) Heb "for without knowledge he killed his neighbor, and he was not hating him prior to that."
8tn (20:6) Or "live."
9tn (20:6) Heb "until he stands before the assembly for judgment."
10tn (20:6) Heb "until the death of the high priest who is in those days."
11tn (20:6) Heb "may return and enter his city and his house, the city from which he escaped."
12tn (20:7) Heb "set apart."
13tn (20:8) Or "set aside."
14tn (20:9) The Hebrew text reads simply "the cities." The words "for refuge" are supplied for clarification.
15tn (20:9) Heb "and not die by the hand of."
16tn (20:9) Heb "until he stands before the assembly." The words "at least" are supplied for clarification.
1tn (21:4) Heb "came out for."
2tn (21:10) Heb "and it belonged to the sons of Aaron, from the Kohathite clans, from the sons of Levi."
3tn (21:17) The words "they assigned" are supplied for clarification (also in vv. 23, 25).
4tn (21:25) The name "Gath Rimmon" is problematic here, for it appears in the preceding list of Danite cities. The LXX reads "Iebatha"; 1 Chr 6:55 HT (6:70 ET) reads "Bileam." Most modern translations retain the name "Gath Rimmon," however.
5tn (21:27) The words "they assigned" and "the following cities" are supplied for clarification (also in v. 34).
6tc (21:36) 21:36-37 are accidentally omitted from a number of significant Hebrew MSS. They are, however, found in some Hebrew MSS, the LXX and Vg.
7tn (21:41) Heb "in the midst of the possession of the sons of Israel."
8tn (21:42) Heb "these cities were city [by] city, and its grazing areas [were] around it; so [it was] for all these cities."
9tn (21:43) Heb "which he had sworn to give to their fathers."
10tn (21:43) Or "possessed."
11tn (21:44) Heb "gave them rest all around."
12tn (21:44) Heb "according to all he swore to their fathers."
13tn (21:44) Heb "not a man stood from before them from all their enemies."
14tn (21:45) Heb "not a word from all the good word which the LORD spoke to the house of Israel fell; the whole came to pass."
1tn (22:2) Heb "You have kept all which Moses, the LORD's servant, commanded you, and you have listened to my voice, to all which I commanded you."
2tn (22:3) Heb "your brothers" (also in vv. 4, 7), but this does not refer to siblings or necessarily even to relatives. It refers to the Israelites of the remaining tribes.
3tn (22:3) Heb "these many days."
4tn (22:3) Heb "you have kept the charge of the command of the LORD your God."
5tn (22:4) Heb "has given rest to your brothers."
6tn (22:4) Heb "tents."
7tn (22:4) Heb "the land of your possession."
8tn (22:5) Heb "But be very careful to do the commandment and the law which Moses, the LORD's servant, commanded you, to love."
9tn (22:5) Heb "walk in all his paths."
10tn (22:5) Or "keep."
11tn (22:5) Heb "hug him."
12tn (22:5) Or "soul."
13tn (22:6) Heb "blessed." However, see v. 8, where rewards are given.
14tn (22:6) Heb "and they went to their tents."
15tn (22:7) Heb "to their tents."
16tn (22:7) Heb "blessed."
17tn (22:8) Heb "return to your tents with."
18tn (22:8) Heb "very many cattle."
19tn (22:8) Heb "very much clothing."
20tn (22:9) Heb "returned and went from the sons of Israel, from Shiloh which is in the land of Canaan, to go to the land of Gilead, to the land of their possession."
21tn (22:10) Heb "and they went to Geliloth of the Jordan which is in the land of Canaan, and the sons of Reuben, the sons of Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh built there an altar near the Jordan, an altar great with respect to appearance."
22tn (22:11) Heb "the sons of Israel heard, saying."
23tn (22:11) Heb "toward the front of."
24tn (22:12) Heb "to go up against them for battle."
25tn (22:14) Heb "ten leaders with him, one leader, one leader for a paternal house, for all the tribes of Israel, and each a head of the house of their father, they belong to the clans of Israel."
26tn (22:16) Heb "What is this unfaithfulness with which you have been unfaithful against the God of Israel, turning today from after the LORD, when you built for yourselves an altar, rebelling today against the LORD?"
27tn (22:17) Heb "Was the sin of Peor too insignificant for us, from which we have not made purification to this day? And there was a plague in the assembly of the LORD."
28tn (22:18) Heb "you are turning back."
29tn (22:18) Or "he will be angry with."
30tn (22:19) Heb "the land of your possession."
31sn (22:19) The western tribes here imagine a possible motive for the action of the eastern tribes. T. C. Butler explains the significance of the land's "impurity": "East Jordan is impure because it is not Yahweh's possession. Rather it is simply `your possession.' That means it is land where Yahweh does not live, land which his presence has not sanctified and purified" (Joshua, 247).
32tn (22:19) Heb "the land of the possession of the LORD."
33tn (22:19) Heb "where the dwelling place of the LORD resides."
sn (22:19) The phrase where the LORD himself lives refers to the tabernacle.
34tn (22:19) Heb "and take for yourselves in our midst."
35tc (22:19) Heb "and us to you rebel." The reading of the MT, the accusative sign with suffix (Wnt*a)w+), is problematic with the verb "rebel" (drm). Many Hebrew MSS correctly read the negative particle la^ for the preposition la#, "to."
36tn (22:20) Heb "Is it not [true that] Achan son of Zerah was unfaithful with unfaithfulness concerning what was set apart [to the LORD] and against all the assembly of Israel there was anger?"
37tn (22:20) The second half of the verse reads literally, "and he [was] one man, he did not die for his sin." There are at least two possible ways to explain this statement: (1) One might interpret the statement to mean that Achan was not the only person who died for his sin. In this case it could be translated, "and he was not the only one to die because of his sin." (2) Another option, the one reflected in the translation, is to take the words dj*a# vya! aWhw+, "and he [was] one man," as a concessive clause and join it with what precedes. The remaining words (onou&B^ uw~g´ aO) must then be taken as a rhetorical question ("Did he not die for his sin?"). Taking the last sentence as interrogative is consistent with the first part of the verse, a rhetorical question introduced with the interrogative particle. The present translation has converted these rhetorical questions into affirmative statements to bring out more clearly the points they are emphasizing. For further discussion, see T. C. Butler, Joshua, 240.
38tn (22:21) Heb "answered and spoke to the heads of."
39sn (22:22) Israel's God is here identified with three names: la@, "El" (or "God"), <yh!Oa$, "Elohim" (or "God"), and hwhy, "Yahweh" (or "the LORD"). The name la@ ("El") is often compounded with titles, for example, El Elyon, "God Most High."
40tn (22:22) Heb "he knows."
41tn (22:22) Heb "if in rebellion or if in unfaithfulness against the LORD."
42tn (22:22) Heb "do not save us." The verb form is singular, being addressed to either collective Israel or the Lord himself. The LXX translates in the third person.
43tn (22:23) Heb "by building." The prepositional phrase may be subordinated to what precedes, "if in unfaithfulness...by building."
44tn (22:23) Heb "or if to offer up."
45tn (22:23) Heb "or if to make."
46tn (22:23) Or "peace offerings."
47tn (22:23) Heb "the LORD, he will seek." Perhaps this is a self-imprecation in an oath, "may the LORD himself punish us."
48tn (22:24) Heb "Surely, from worry concerning a matter we have done this, saying."
49tn (22:24) Heb "What is there to you and to the LORD God of Israel?" The rhetorical question is sarcastic in tone and anticipates a response, "Absolutely none!"
50tn (22:25) Heb "You have no portion in the LORD."
51tn (22:25) Heb "fearing."
52tn (22:27) Heb "but it is a witness between us and you."
53tn (22:27) Heb "to do the service of the LORD before him."
54tn (22:27) Or "peace offerings."
55tn (22:27) Heb "You have no portion in the LORD."
56tn (22:28) The words "such a thing" are supplied in the translation for clarification.
57tn (22:28) Heb "fathers."
58tn (22:28) Heb "but it is a witness between us and you."
59tn (22:29) Or "peace offerings."
60sn (22:29) The Lord's dwelling place here refers to the tabernacle.
61tn (22:30) Heb "the sons of Reuben, and the sons of Gad, and the sons of Manasseh."
62tn (22:30) Heb "it was good in their eyes."
63tn (22:31) Heb "the sons of Reuben, and the sons of Gad, and the sons of Manasseh."
64tn (22:31) Heb "because you were not unfaithful with this unfaithfulness against the LORD."
65tn (22:31) On the use of za* in a logical sense, see Waltke-O'Connor, Hebrew Syntax, 667.
66tn (22:31) Heb "the hand (i.e., power) of the LORD."
67tn (22:32) Heb "and Phinehas...returned from the sons of Reuben and from the sons of Gad, from the land of Gilead to the land of Canaan, to the sons of Israel. And they brought back to them a word."
68tn (22:33) Heb "and the word was good in the eyes of the sons of Israel and the sons of Israel blessed God."
69tn (22:33) Heb "and they did not speak about going up against them for battle to destroy the land in which the sons of Reuben and the sons of Gad were living."
70tn (22:34) Heb "a witness between us."
1tn (23:1) Heb "many days."
2tn (23:1) Heb "the LORD had given rest to Israel from their enemies all around."
3tn (23:1) Heb "was old, coming into the days." This expression, referring to advancing in years, also occurs in the following verse.
4tn (23:3) Heb "for the LORD your God, he [is] the one who fights for you."
5tn (23:4) Heb "I have assigned by lots to you these remaining nations as an inheritance for your tribes."
6tn (23:4) Heb "the Great Sea," the typical designation for the Mediterranean Sea.
7tn (23:4) Heb "from the Jordan and all the nations which I cut off and the Great Sea [at] the place where the sun sets." The relationship of the second half of the verse, which mentions nations already conquered, to the first half, which speaks of "remaining nations," is difficult to understand.
8tn (23:5) The Hebrew text reads, "from before you." This has not been included in the translation because it is redundant in English.
9tn (23:5) Or "take possession of."
10tn (23:5) Heb "said to."
11tn (23:6) Heb "Be strong so you can be careful to do."
12tn (23:7) Heb "with."
13tn (23:7) Heb "and in the name of their gods you must not invoke and you must not make solemn declarations." The words "and you must not make solemn declarations" are omitted in the LXX and may represent a later scribal addition to elucidate the immediately preceding command. The Hiphil of ubv without an object occurs only here and in Josh 6:26.
14tn (23:7) Or "serve."
15tn (23:8) Heb "hug."
16tn (23:8) Heb "done."
17tn (23:9) Heb "not a man has stood before you."
18tn (23:10) Or "chases a thousand."
19tn (23:10) Heb "for the LORD your God, he [is] the one who fights for you."
20tn (23:10) Heb "as he said to you."
21tn (23:11) Heb "Watch carefully yourselves so as to love the LORD your God."
22tn (23:12) Heb "and hug."
23tn (23:12) Heb "the remnant of the these nations, these nations that are with you."
24tn (23:12) Heb "and go into them, and they into you."
25tn (23:13) Heb "be a trap and a snare to you."
26tn (23:13) Heb "in."
27tn (23:13) Heb "thorns in your eyes."
28tn (23:13) Or "perish."
29tn (23:14) Heb "go the way of all the earth."
30tn (23:14) Or "soul."
31tn (23:14) Heb "one word from all these words which the LORD your God spoke to you has not fallen, the whole has come to pass for you, one word from it has not fallen."
32tn (23:15) Heb "and it will be as every good word which the LORD your God spoke to you has come to pass."
33tn (23:15) Heb "so the LORD will bring every injurious [or, "evil"] word [or, "thing"] upon you."
34tn (23:16) Heb "when you violate the covenant of the LORD your God which he commanded you."
35tn (23:16) Heb "and you walk and serve other gods and bow down to them."
36tn (23:16) Or "perish."
1tn (24:2) Heb "your fathers."
2tn (24:2) Heb "the river," referring to the Euphrates. This has been specified in the translation for clarity.
3tn (24:2) Or "served."
4sn (24:3) The river is the Euphrates; see the previous verse.
5tn (24:3) Or "through."
6tn (24:4) Heb "I gave to Esau Mount Seir to possess it."
7tn (24:5) Heb "by that which I did in its midst."
8tn (24:7) Heb "they"; the referent (the fathers) has been specified in the translation for clarity (see the previous verse).
9tn (24:7) Or "put darkness between you and the Egyptians."
10tn (24:7) Heb "and he brought over them the sea and covered them."
11tn (24:7) Heb "your eyes saw."
12tn (24:7) Heb "many days."
13tn (24:8) Or "took possession of."
14tn (24:9) Heb "arose and fought."
15tn (24:9) Heb "sent and called."
16tn (24:9) Or "to curse."
17tn (24:10) The infinitive absolute follows the finite verb in the Hebrew text and indicates continuation or repetition of the action. Balaam pronounced several oracles of blessing over Israel (see Num 23-24).
18tn (24:10) Heb "blessing." Balaam's "blessings" were actually prophecies of how God would prosper Israel.
19tn (24:10) Heb "hand."
20tn (24:11) Or perhaps, "citizens."
21tn (24:12) Traditionally, "the hornet" (so KJV, NKJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV) but the precise meaning of the Hebrew word is uncertain (cf. NEB "panic").
22tn (24:12) The LXX has "twelve," apparently understanding this as a reference to Amorite kings west of the Jordan (see Josh 5:1, rather than the trans-Jordanian Amorite kings Sihon and Og (see Josh 2:10; 9:10).
23tn (24:12) Heb "and it drove them out from before you, the two kings of the Amorites, not by your sword and not by your bow." The words "I gave you the victory" are supplied for clarification.
24tn (24:13) Or perhaps, "for."
25tn (24:13) The words "the produce of" are supplied for clarification.
26sn (24:14) Joshua quotes the LORD's words in vv. 2b-13 (note that the LORD speaks in the first person in these verses); in vv. 14-15 Joshua himself exhorts the people (note the third person references to the LORD).
27tn (24:14) Heb "fear."
28tn (24:14) Or "and serve."
29tn (24:14) Heb "your fathers."
30tn (24:14) Or "served."
31sn (24:14) The river is the Euphrates; see v. 3.
32tn (24:14) Or "and serve."
33tn (24:15) Heb "if it is bad in your eyes."
34tn (24:15) Or "to serve."
35tn (24:15) Or "will serve."
36tn (24:15) Heb "your fathers."
37tn (24:15) Or "served."
38sn (24:15) The river is the Euphrates; see v. 3.
39tn (24:15) Heb "house."
40tn (24:15) Or "will serve."
41tn (24:16) Heb "to."
42tn (24:16) Or "can serve."
43tn (24:17) Heb "of the house of slavery."
44tn (24:17) Heb "for the LORD our God, he is the one who brought up us and our fathers from the land of Egypt, from the house of slaves."
45tn (24:17) Or "great signs."
46tn (24:17) Heb "and he guarded us in all the way in which we walked and among all the peoples through whose midst we passed."
47tn (24:18) Or "will serve."
48tn (24:19) Heb "said to."
49tn (24:19) Heb "you are not able to serve."
50sn (24:19) For an excellent discussion of Joshua's logical argument here, see T. C. Butler, Joshua, 274-75.
51tn (24:19) In the Hebrew text both the divine name (<yh!Oa$) and the adjective (<yv!d)q=, "holy") are plural. Normally the divine name, when referring to the one true God, takes singular modifiers, but this is a rare exception where the adjective agrees grammatically with the honorific plural noun. See GKC §124.i and Waltke-O'Connor, Hebrew Syntax, 122.
52tn (24:19) Heb "lift up" or "take away."
sn (24:19) This assertion obviously needs qualification, for the OT elsewhere affirms that God does forgive. Joshua is referring to the persistent national rebellion against the Mosaic covenant that eventually cause God to decree unconditionally the nation's exile.
53tn (24:20) Or "when."
54tn (24:20) Or "and serve."
55tn (24:20) The words "against you" are added for clarification.
56tn (24:20) Heb "bring you to an end."
57tn (24:20) Heb "after he did good for you."
58tn (24:21) The translation assumes that yK! is emphatic. Another option is to take it as explanatory, "No, for we will...."
59tn (24:21) Or "will serve."
60tn (24:22) Heb "You are witnesses against yourselves that you have chosen for yourselves the LORD to serve him."
61sn (24:22) Like witnesses in a court of law, Israel's solemn vow to worship the Lord will testify against them in the divine court if the nation ever violates its commitment.
62tn (24:23) The words "Joshua said" are supplied for clarification.
63tn (24:23) Heb "bend your heart toward." The term bb*l@ ("heart") probably here refers to the people's volition or will.
64tn (24:24) Or "will serve."
65tn (24:24) Heb "and listen to his voice."
66tn (24:25) Heb "cut a covenant."
67tn (24:25) Heb "a statute and a judgment."
68tn (24:27) Heb "all the words of the LORD which he spoke with us."
69tn (24:27) Or "lest," "so that you might not."
70tn (24:28) Heb "And Joshua sent the people away, each to his inheritance."
71tn (24:29) Heb "after these things."
72tn (24:30) Heb "in the territory of his inheritance."
73tn (24:31) Or "served."
74tn (24:31) Heb "all the days of Joshua and all the days of the elders who outlived him."
75tn (24:31) Heb "who knew all the work of the LORD which he had done for Israel."
76tn (24:32) Heb "one hundred qesitahs." The Hebrew word hf*yc!q= (q=c!f*h, "qesitah") is generally understood to refer to a unit of money, but the value and/or weight is unknown. The word occurs only here and in Gen 33:19 and Job 42:11.
77tn (24:33) Heb "in Gibeah of Phinehas, his son, which had been given to him in the hill country of Ephraim."