1
tc (1:4) The LXX reads "Noah; the sons of Noah [were] Shem, Ham, and Japheth." Several English translations (e.g., NIV; NLT) follow the LXX.
sn (1:4) Shem, Ham, and Japheth were Noah's three sons (Gen 6:10).
2tc (1:6) Many medieval Hebrew MSS, along with the LXX and Vulgate, read "Riphath" (see Gen 10:3). This is followed by several English translations (e.g., NAB, NIV, NLT), while others follow the MT reading ("Diphath").
3tn (1:7) Or in this case, "descendants."
4tn (1:7) Heb "Kittim and Rodanim."
5tn (1:8) That is, "Egypt."
6tn (1:10) Heb "he began to be a mighty warrior in the earth."
7tn (1:12) Heb "came forth."
8tc (1:17) The words "the sons of Aram" do not appear in the Hebrew text. Apparently the phrase <ra ynbw has accidentally dropped out of the text by homoioteleuton (note the presence of <ra just before this). The phrase is included in Gen 10:23.
9sn (1:19) Perhaps this refers to the scattering of the people at Babel (Gen 11:1-9).
10tc (1:22) Some medieval Hebrew MSS and the Syriac read "Obal" (see Gen 10:28).
11tc (1:24) Some LXX MSS read "Arpachshad, Cainan, Shelah" (see also the notes on Gen 10:24; 11:12-13).
12tn (1:29) The words "the others were" are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
13sn (1:32) A concubine was a slave woman in ancient Near Eastern societies who was the legal property of her master, but who could have legitimate sexual relations with her master. A concubine's status was more elevated than a mere servant, but she was not free and did not have the legal rights of a free wife. The children of a concubine could, in some instances, become equal heirs with the children of the free wife. After the period of the Judges concubines may have become more of a royal prerogative (2 Sam 21:10-14; 1 Kgs 11:3).
14tc (1:36) Many medieval Hebrew MSS, along with some LXX MSS and the Syriac, read "Zepho" (see Gen 36:11).
15tn (1:36) The Hebrew text has simply, "and Timna and Amalek," but Gen 36:12 indicates that Timna, a concubine of Eliphaz, was the mother of Amalek. See also v. 39 below, which states that Timna was the sister of Lotan.
16tn (1:39) Perhaps this is the Timna mentioned in v. 36.
17tc (1:40) Some medieval Hebrew MSS and a few LXX MSS read "Alvan" (see Gen 36:23).
18tc (1:40) A few medieval Hebrew MSS read "Shepho" (see Gen 36:23).
19tn (1:41) Heb "sons." The Hebrew text has the plural, but only one son is listed. For stylistic reasons the singular "son" was used in the translation.
20tc (1:42) The MT reads "Dishon" here, but this should be emended to "Dishan." See the list in v. 38 and Gen 36:28.
21tn (1:44) Heb "ruled in his place," here and in vv. 45-50.
22tn (1:48) Or "on the river."
sn (1:48) The river may refer to the Euphrates River.
23tc (1:50) Many medieval Hebrew MSS, along with some LXX MSS, the Syriac, and Vulgate, read "Pau." See also Gen 36:39.
24tn (1:54) Each of the names in this list is preceded by the word "chief" in the Hebrew text. This has not been included in the translation because it would appear very redundant to the modern reader.
1tn (2:1) The groupings in the list that follows, as well as the conjunctions (vav-consecutives in Hebrew), reflect those of the Hebrew text.
2tn (2:3) The name means "daughter of Shua." Shua is identified in Gen 38:2 as a "Canaanite man."
3tn (2:3) Heb "was evil in the eyes of the LORD, so he [i.e., the LORD] killed him [i.e., Er]."
4tn (2:4) Heb "his."
5tc (2:6) Many medieval Hebrew MSS, some LXX MSS, and Syriac read "Darda" (see 1 Kgs 4:31 ET = 1 Kgs 5:11 HT).
6tn (2:7) Heb "sons." The Hebrew text has the plural, but only one son is listed.
7tc (2:7) The Hebrew text has "Achar," which means "disaster," but a few medieval Hebrew MSS read "Achan." See Josh 7:1.
8tn (2:7) Heb "the troubler of Israel who was unfaithful with respect to the devoted [things]."
9tn (2:8) Heb "sons." The Hebrew text has the plural, but only one son is listed.
10tn (2:9) The Hebrew text has "Celubai," but see v. 18, where Caleb is described as the son of Hezron.
11tc (2:11) The LXX reads "Salmon" (cf. Ruth 4:21).
12tn (2:16) In 2 Sam 2:18 this name appears as "Abishai."
13tn (2:18) Heb "and Caleb son of Hezron fathered [children] with Azubah, a wife, and with Jerioth." Jerioth could be viewed as a second wife (so NLT; cf. also NASB, NIV, NRSV), but the following context mentions only "her [presumably Azubah's] sons." Another option, the one chosen in the translation, is that Jerioth is another name for Azubah.
14tn (2:19) Heb "took for himself."
15sn (2:21) This means "later" in relation to the births of the three sons (Jerachmeel, Ram and Caleb) mentioned in v. 9.
16tn (2:21) Heb "Hezron went to."
17tn (2:21) Heb "took."
18tn (2:23) Or "Havvoth Jair." Some translations (e.g., NIV, NRSV) do not translate the phrase, but treat it as a place name.
19tn (2:24) Heb "And after the death of Hezron in Caleb Ephrathah, and the wife of Hezron, Abijah, and she bore to him Ashhur the father of Tekoa." Perhaps one could translate: "After Hezron died in Caleb Ephrathah, Abijah, Hezron's wife, bore to him Ashhur, the father of Tekoa" (cf. NASB, NIV, NRSV). In this case the text suggests that Abijah was born after his father's death. Because of the awkward syntax and the odd appearance of "Caleb Ephrathah" as a place name, some prefer to emend the text. Some alter htrpa blkb, "in Caleb Ephrathah," to htrpa blk ab, "Caleb had sexual relations with Ephrath," and then change hyba, "Abijah," to whyba, "his father." This results in the following translation: "And after Hezron's death, Caleb had sexual relations with Ephrath, his father Hezron's wife, and she bore to him Ashhur the father of Tekoa" (cf. NAB). This would mean that Caleb's second wife Ephrath had actually been his late father's wife (probably Caleb's stepmother). Perhaps the text was subsequently altered because Caleb's actions appeared improper in light of the injunctions in Lev 18:8; 20:11; Deut 22:30; 27:20 (which probably refer, however, to a son having sexual relations with his stepmother while his father is still alive).
20tn (2:31) Heb "sons." The Hebrew text has the plural "sons" in all three instances in this verse, even though the following lists have only one name each.
21tc (2:42) Heb "and the sons of Mareshah," but this does not fit contextually. Perhaps the text originally had hvrm hnvm wnbw, "and his second son, Mareshah," with hnvm ("second") later accidentally falling out by homoioteleuton (cf. the note in BHS here).
22sn (2:46) See the note on the word "concubine" in 1:32.
23tn (2:50) Heb "son." The Hebrew text has the singular, but the following list contains more than one name.
24tn (2:50) The Hebrew text reads "Ephrathah" here, but see v. 19, which mentions "Ephrath" as the wife of Hur.
25tn (2:52) The Hebrew text has "Menuchites" here, but v. 54 has "Manachathites."
26tn (2:53) Heb "from these went forth the Zorathites and Eshtaolites."
27tn (2:55) Or perhaps "the Sopherim." The NAB transliterates this term and treats it as a proper name.
28tn (2:55) Heb "came."
29tn (2:55) Or (if "beth" is translated as "house" rather than considered to be part of the name) "the father of the house [i.e., family] of Rechab."
1tn (3:4) Heb "him"; the referent (David) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
2sn (3:5) Shimea is a variant spelling of "Shammua" (see 2 Sam 5:14).
3tn (3:5) Most Hebrew MSS read "Bathshua" here, but 2 Sam 12:24 makes it clear Bathsheba was Solomon's mother. "Bathsheba" is read by one Hebrew MS and the Vulgate. Many English translations (e.g., NAB, NIV, NLT) render the name "Bathsheba" to avoid confusion.
4tn (3:5) In 2 Sam 11:3 Bathsheba is called "the daughter of Eliam," while here her father's name is given as "Ammiel."
5tn (3:6) All but two Hebrew MSS read "Elishama" here, but 1 Chr 14:5 lists the name as "Elishua." Another son named "Elishama" is listed in 3:8.
6tn (3:6) The MT reads "Eliphelet" here, but 1 Chr 14:5 lists the name as "Elpelet." Another son named "Eliphelet" is listed in 3:8.
7sn (3:9) See the note on the word "concubine" in 1:32.
8sn (3:11) Joram is a variant spelling of the name "Jehoram."
9tn (3:16) Heb "Jeconiah," a variation of the name "Jehoiachin" (also in v. 17).
10tn (3:17) Heb "prisoner." Jehoiachin was carried off to Babylon as a prisoner. See 2 Chr 36:10.
1tn (4:9) In Hebrew the name JB@u=y~ ("Jabez") sounds like the noun bx#u) which means "pain."
2tn (4:10) On the use of <a ("if") here, see HALOT 60.
3tn (4:10) Heb "and act from [i.e., so as to prevent] harm so that I might not be in pain."
4tn (4:10) Heb "and God brought about what he had asked."
5tn (4:12) Or "of the city of Nahash."
6tc (4:13) "Meonothai" is read here by some MSS of the LXX, along with the Vulgate. The name apparently was dropped from the Hebrew text by haplography. Note that the name appears at the beginning of the next verse as well.
7tn (4:14) Heb "the father of Ge Harashim, for they were craftsmen." The name "Ge Harashim" means "valley of craftsmen."
8tn (4:15) Heb "and the sons of Elah and Kenaz." Kenaz was actually the son of Elah.
9tn (4:17) The Hebrew text has simply, "and she gave birth to," without identifying the subject. The words "Mered's wife Bithiah" are added in the translation for clarification. See v. 18b, which mentions "Bethiah, whom Mered married."
10tn (4:18) Heb "took."
11tn (4:20) Or "and Ben-Zoheth." The word "ben" in Hebrew means "son [of]."
12tn (4:22) Heb "and the words are old."
13tn (4:23) Heb "and those who lived in Netaim and Gederah; with the king in his work they lived there."
14tc (4:33) Some LXX mss read "Baalath" (cf. Josh 19:8).
15tn (4:34) The words "their clan leaders were" are added in the translation for clarification. See v. 38a, which makes this clear.
16tn (4:41) The Hebrew text reads "their tents," apparently referring to those of the Hamites mentioned at the end of v. 40. Some prefer to emend the text to read, "the tents of Ham."
17tn (4:41) Heb "and they lived in place of them."
18tn (4:43) Heb "and struck down the remnant that had escaped belonging to Amalek."
1sn (5:1) The phrase when he defiled his father's bed refers to Reuben having sexual relations with his father Jacob's concubine Bilhah. This incident is recorded in Gen 35:22.
2tn (5:1) Heb "and not to be listed in the genealogical records as (having) the right of the firstborn."
3tn (5:2) Heb "and [one] for a leader [was] from him." This probably refers to the Davidic king.
4tn (5:6) Heb "Tilgath-pilneser," a variant spelling of Tiglath-pileser (also in v. 26).
5tn (5:6) Heb "he"; the referent (Beerah) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
6tn (5:10) Heb "and in the days of Saul they made war with the Hagrites and they fell by their hand and they lived in their tents unto all the face of the east of Gilead."
7tn (5:13) Heb "and their brothers by the house of their fathers."
8tn (5:15) Heb "was the head of the house of their fathers."
9tn (5:16) Heb "unto their extremities."
10tn (5:18) Heb "the sons of Reuben and the Gadites and half of the tribe of Manasseh, from the sons of bravery, men carrying a shield and sword and treading a bow and trained for war, 44,760 going out for warfare."
11tn (5:19) Heb "made war with."
12tn (5:20) Heb "and they were helped against them and they were given over into their hand, the Hagrites and all who were with them, for to God they cried out in the battle and he was entreated [or "allowed himself to be entreated"] by them for they trusted in him."
13tn (5:21) Heb "their"; the referent (the Hagrites) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
14tn (5:22) Heb "from God [was] the battle."
15tn (5:22) Heb "many slain fell."
16tn (5:22) Heb "and they lived in place of them until the exile." The referent of "them" (the Hagrites) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
17tn (5:24) Heb "and these [were] the heads of the house of their fathers."
18tn (5:24) Heb "men of names."
19tn (5:25) Heb "fathers."
20tn (5:25) Heb "prostituted themselves after."
21tn (5:25) Heb "the peoples of the land."
22tn (5:26) Heb "stirred up the spirit of."
23tn (5:26) Heb "and the spirit of Tilgath-pilneser king of Assyria." "Pul" and "Tilgath-pilneser" were names of the same Assyrian ruler, more commonly known as Tiglath-pileser (cf. 2 Kgs 15:29).
1sn (5:27) Beginning with 6:1, the verse numbers through 6:81 in the English Bible differ from the verse numbers in the Hebrew text (BHS), with 6:1 ET = 5:27 HT, 6:2 ET = 5:28 HT, 6:16 ET = 6:1 HT, etc., through 6:81 ET = 6:66 HT. Beginning with 7:1 the verse numbers in the ET and HT are again the same.
2tn (6:15) The words "the people of" are added in the translation for clarification.
3sn (6:1) Chapter 6 of 1 Chronicles begins here in the Hebrew text; 6:16-81 ET = 6:1-66 HT. See the note at 6:1.
4tn (6:1) The name "Gershom" (also in vv. 17, 20, 43, 62, 71) appears as "Gershon" in 1 Chr 6:1.
5tn (6:19) Heb "by their fathers."
6tn (6:22) Or perhaps, "descendants," since the list differs from the one in v. 18.
7tn (6:25) Heb "and Achimoth."
8tc (6:26) The consonantal Hebrew text (Kethib) has, "Elkanah, his son, Elkanah." The marginal reading (Qere) is "Elkanah, the sons of Elkanah." The text probably originally read simply, "Elkanah his son."
9tc (6:27) After the last named individual ("Elkanah" in v. 27) some LXX MSS insert the words "Samuel his son" to facilitate a transition to the following verse, which beings "and the sons of Samuel." Among the English translations that include this added phrase are NAB, NIV, and NLT.
10tc (6:28) The Hebrew text lacks the name lawy ("Joel"), which has probably dropped out due to homoioteleuton (note the last three letters of the preceding name lawmv, "Samuel").
11tn (6:31) Heb "house."
12tn (6:32) Heb "they were serving...with music."
13tn (6:32) Or traditionally "tabernacle."
14tn (6:39) Heb "and his brother Asaph, the one who stood at his right hand."
15tc (6:40) A few Hebrew MSS, one LXX MS, and the Syriac read "Maaseiah."
16tn (6:44) Heb "and the sons of Merari, their brothers, on the left."
17tn (6:48) Heb "their brothers, the Levites."
18tn (6:48) Heb "were assigned to all the work of the tabernacle of the house of God."
19tn (6:49) Heb "for all the work of the holy of holies."
20tn (6:49) Heb "making atonement for Israel according to all which Moses the servant of God commanded."
21tn (6:54) Heb "and these were their dwelling places according to their encampments in their territory to the sons of Aaron."
22tn (6:54) Heb "to the clan of the Kohathites for to them was the lot."
23tn (6:57) The parallel account in Josh 21:13 has the singular "city," which apparently refers only to Hebron.
24tc (6:58) The MT reads "Hilez" here; the place name appears as "Holon" in Josh 21:15.
25tc (6:59) The MT reads "Ashan" here; the place name appears as "Ain" in Josh 21:16.
26tc (6:59) The LXX and Syriac (following the parallel list in Josh 21:16) add "Juttah and its pasturelands" here.
27tn (6:60) The parallel passage in Josh 21:17 adds "Gibeon and its pasturelands." The words "they were allotted" are supplied in the translation for both clarity and stylistic reasons.
28tn (6:61) Heb "to the sons of Kohath who were left from the clan of the tribe, from the half of the tribe of the half of Manasseh by lot ten cities."
29tn (6:62) Heb "and to the sons of Gershom by their clans from the tribe of Issachar, and from the tribe of Asher, and from the tribe of Naphtali, and from the tribe of Manasseh in Bashan, thirteen cities."
30tn (6:63) Heb "and to the sons of Merari by their clans from the tribe of Reuben, and from the tribe of Gad, and from the tribe of Zebulun by lot, twelve cities."
31tn (6:65) Heb "and they gave by lot from the tribe of the sons of Judah, and from the tribe of the sons of Simeon, and from the tribe of the sons of Benjamin these cities, which they called them by names."
32tn (6:66) Heb "and from [it is probably preferable to read "to" here] the clans of the sons of Kohath and there were the cities of their territory from the tribe of Ephraim."
33tn (6:67) The parallel account in Josh 21:21 has the singular "city," referring only to Shechem.
34tn (6:70) Heb "and from the half of the tribe of Manasseh, Aner and its pasturelands and Bileam and its pasturelands to the clan, to the sons of Kohath who were left."
35tn (6:71) Heb "to the sons of Gershom."
36tn (6:77) Heb "to the sons of Merari, who were left."
37tc (6:77) Before "Rimmono" the LXX (following the parallel passage in Josh 21:34) adds "Jokneam and its pasturelands, Kartah and its pasturelands."
38tn (6:78) Heb "and from across the Jordan at Jericho, on the east of the Jordan, from the tribe of Reuben." The word "River" is supplied in the translation for clarity.
1tn (7:2) Heb "heads of the house of their fathers."
2tn (7:2) Heb "to Tola [there were] warriors by their generations, their number in the days of David [was] 22,600."
3tn (7:3) The Hebrew text has the plural "sons," but only one son is listed.
4tn (7:4) Heb "and unto them by their generations to the house of their fathers [were] troops of war of battle, 36,000, for they had many wives and sons."
5tn (7:5) Heb "and their brothers, according to all the clans of Issachar, the warriors [were] 87,000 listed in the genealogical records for all."
6tc (7:6) The Hebrew text has simply "Benjamin," but ynb, "sons of," has dropped out by haplography (/mynb ynb).
7tn (7:10) The Hebrew text has the plural "sons," but only one son is listed.
8tn (7:12) The name "Aher" appears as "Ahiram" in Num 26:38.
9tn (7:13) The name "Jahziel" appears as "Jahzeel" in Gen 46:24.
10tc (7:13) Most Hebrew mss read "Shallum"; some Hebrew mss and some LXX mss read "Shillem," the form of the name that appears in Gen 46:24 and Num 26:49.
11sn (7:14) See the note on the word "concubine" in 1:32.
12tn (7:15) Some translations treat the terms <yP!v% (v%PP!<) and <yP!j% (j%PP!<) as proper names of individuals ("Huppim" and "Shuppim"), but others consider these forms to be plurals and refer to tribal or clan names.
13tn (7:15) Heb "and the name of the second was Zelophehad."
14tn (7:17) The Hebrew text has the plural "sons," but only one son is listed.
15tn (7:23) Heb "he"; the referent (Ephraim) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
16tn (7:23) Heb "because in tragedy there had come to his house." The preposition prefixed to hur should probably be omitted. The Hebrew noun hur, "tragedy," should be understood as the subject of the feminine verb form that follows.
17tn (7:25) The antecedent of the pronoun "his" is not clear. The translation assumes that v. 25 resumes the list of Ephraim's descendants (see vv. 20-21a) after a lengthy parenthesis (vv. 21b-24).
18tc (7:25) The Hebrew text has simply "Resheph," but the phrase "his son" has probably been accidentally omitted, since the names before and after this one include the phrase.
19tn (7:27) Heb "Non" (cf. Exod 33:11, where the more familiar spelling "Nun" occurs).
20tn (7:29) "Beth Shean" is a variant spelling of "Beth Shan."
21tc (7:34) The Hebrew text has yja, "the brother of," but this should probably be emended to wyja, "his brother." Cf. v. 35. Most English translations treat this Hebrew word as a proper name ("Ahi") and list it before "Roghah."
22tn (7:34) Or "Shomer," cf. v. 32.
23tc (7:34) "Hubbah" is the marginal reading (Qere); the consonantal text (Kethib) has "Jachbah."
24tn (7:35) Or "Hotham," cf. v. 32.
25tn (7:37) The name "Ithran" is sometimes understood to be another name for "Jether" (v. 38).
26tn (7:40) Heb "all these were the sons of Asher, heads of the house of the fathers, selected, warriors, heads of the leaders, and there was listed in the genealogical records in war, in battle, their number, men, 26,000."
1tn (8:7) Heb "he"; the referent (Gera) has been supplied in the translation for clarity.
2tc (8:29) Some LXX MSS supply the name "Jeiel," which is not in the MT (cf. 1 Chr 9:35). The addition of the name here is followed by many English translations.
3tc (8:30) Some LXX MSS add "Ner" here (cf. 1 Chr 9:36 and v. 33 below, where Ner is mentioned as the father of Kish). The form rnw could have been accidentally omitted by homoioarcton since each name in the list has the conjunction prefixed to it.
4tc (8:31) The Hebrew text omits the name "Mikloth," but it may have fallen out accidentally by haplography. Note that the name immediately follows at the beginning of v. 32.
5tn (8:32) Heb "and also they, opposite their brothers, lived in Jerusalem with their brothers." This redundancy has been removed in the translation.
6sn (8:33) Eshbaal is called "Ishbosheth" in 2 Sam 2:8.
7sn (8:34) Meribbaal is called "Mephibosheth" in 2 Sam 4:4.
8tc (8:38) The Hebrew text has Wrk=B), which some understand as a name, "Bocheru" (so, e.g., NEB, NASB, NIV, NRSV). But the form should probably be revocalized ork)B=, "his firstborn." A name has accidentally dropped from the list, and a scribe apparently read wrkb as one of the names.
9tn (8:40) Heb "and the sons of Ulam were men, warriors and treaders of a bow."
1tn (9:1) The Hebrew text has simply "Judah," though the verb wlgh ("carried away") is plural.
2tn (9:2) Heb "and the inhabitants, the first who [were] in their property in their cities, Israel, the priests, the Levites, and the temple servants."
3tn (9:4) The words "the settlers included" are supplied in the translation for clarity and for stylistic reasons.
4tn (9:9) Heb "and all these men were heads of fathers for the house of their fathers."
5tn (9:13) Heb "capable [for] the work of the task of the house of God."
6tn (9:19) Heb "and his brothers belonging to the house of his father, the Korachites, to the work of the task, guardians of the threshold of the tent."
7tn (9:19) Heb "and their fathers to the camp of the LORD, guardians of the entrance." Here "fathers" is used in a more general sense of "forefathers" or "ancestors" and is not limited specifically to their fathers only.
8tn (9:22) The Hebrew term is ha#r) (r{a#h, "seer"), an older word for ayb!n´ (n´b!a, "prophet").
9tn (9:22) Heb "they--David appointed, and Samuel the seer, in their position."
10tn (9:23) Heb "and they and their sons to the gates of the house of the LORD, of the house of the tent, [were assigned] as guards."
11tn (9:26) Heb "in the house of God."
12tn (9:27) Heb "in the house of God."
13tn (9:28) Heb "and from them over the articles of the task, for by number they would bring them in, and by number they would bring them out."
14tn (9:29) Heb "holy place."
15tn (9:31) The word "son" is not in the Hebrew text, but is implied.
16tn (9:33) Heb "were in rooms." The words "at the sanctuary" are supplied in the translation for clarification.
17tn (9:38) Heb "and also they, opposite their brothers, lived in Jerusalem with their brothers." This redundancy has been removed in the translation.
18sn (9:39) Eshbaal is called "Ishbosheth" in 2 Sam 2:8.
19sn (9:40) Meribbaal is called "Mephibosheth" in 2 Sam 4:4.
20tc (9:41) The name "Ahaz" is included in the Vulgate and Syriac, but omitted in the MT. It probably was accidentally omitted by haplography. Note that the name appears at the beginning of the next verse. Cf. also 8:35.
21tc (9:42) Some Hebrew MSS and the LXX read "Jarah."
22tc (9:44) The Hebrew text has Wrk=B), which some understand as a name, "Bocheru" (so, e.g., NEB, NASB, NIV, NRSV). But the form should probably be revocalized ork))B=, "his firstborn." A name has accidentally dropped from the list, and a scribe apparently read wrkb as one of the names. Cf. also 1 Chr 8:38.
1tn (10:2) Heb "stuck close after."
2tn (10:2) Heb "the Philistines." The translation has substituted the pronoun "they" to avoid redundancy.
3tn (10:2) Heb "his"; the referent (Saul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
4tn (10:3) Heb "heavy."
5tn (10:3) Heb "and they found him, the ones who shoot with the bow, and he was in pain from the ones shooting."
6tn (10:4) Heb "so these uncircumcised ones might not come and abuse me."
7tn (10:6) Heb "all his house." This is probably to be understood as a general summary statement. It could include other males in Saul's household besides his three sons, cf. 1 Sam 31:6. If it refers only to the male members of his household who would have stood in succession to the throne (cf. NLT, "bringing his dynasty to an end,") even here there is an exception, since one of Saul's sons, Eshbaal (or "Ishbosheth" in 2 Sam 2:8) was not killed in the battle and became king over Israel, which he ruled for two years (2 Sam 2:10) until he was assassinated by Rechab and Baanah (2 Sam 4:5-6). The tribe of Judah never acknowledged Ishbosheth as king; instead they followed David (2 Sam 2:10).
8tn (10:7) Heb "they"; the referent (the army) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
9tn (10:10) Or "god." The Hebrew term may be translated as singular or plural depending on the context.
10tn (10:12) Heb "arose and carried away the corpse of Saul and the corpses of his sons."
11tn (10:12) Heb "their bones."
12tn (10:13) Heb "and Saul died because of his unfaithfulness by which he acted unfaithfully against the LORD, concerning the word of the LORD which he did not keep, also to Saul, a ritual pit to seek." The text alludes to the incident recorded in 1 Sam 28. The Hebrew term bwa, "ritual pit," refers to a pit used by a magician to conjure up underworld spirits. In 1 Sam 28:7 the witch of Endor is called a bwa tlub, "owner of a ritual pit." See H. Hoffner, JBL 86 (1967): 385-401.
13tn (10:14) Heb "he"; the referent (the LORD) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
1tn (11:1) Heb "look, your bone and your flesh [are] we."
2tn (11:2) Heb "you were the one who led out and the one who brought in Israel."
3tn (11:3) Heb "elders."
4tn (11:3) Or "covenant."
5tn (11:3) Heb "anointed."
6tn (11:3) Heb "according to the word of the LORD by the hand of Samuel."
7sn (11:4) Jebus was an older name for the city of Jerusalem (cf. Josh 15:8; Judg 1:21).
8tn (11:4) Heb "and there [were] the Jebusites, the inhabitants of the land."
9sn (11:6) Verse 6 inserts into the narrative parenthetical information about Joab's role in the conquest of the city. Verse 7 then picks up where v. 5 left off.
10tn (11:6) Or perhaps "strikes down."
11tn (11:6) Heb "head and officer."
12tn (11:6) Heb "went up."
13tn (11:6) Heb "head."
14tn (11:8) Heb "to that which surrounds." On the referent here as "the surrounding walls," see HALOT 740.
15tn (11:9) Heb "and David went, going and becoming great, and the LORD of hosts was with him."
16tn (11:10) Heb "and these were the heads of the warriors who were David's, who held strongly with him in his kingdom and with all Israel to make him king, according to the word of the LORD, over Israel."
17tn (11:11) Heb "and these are the number of the warriors who were David's."
18tc (11:11) The marginal reading (Qere) has "officers;" the consonantal text (Kethib) has "the Thirty" (see v. 15).
19tn (11:11) Heb "he was wielding his spear against 300, [who were] slain at one time."
20tn (11:12) Heb "after him."
21tc (11:13) Some read here "Ephes Dammim." See 1 Sam 17:1.
22tn (11:14) Heb "delivered it."
23tn (11:14) Heb "and the LORD delivered [with] a great deliverance."
24tn (11:17) Heb "Who will give me water to drink?" On the rhetorical use of /m here, see BDB 566.
25tn (11:18) Heb "the three," referring to the three elite warriors mentioned in v. 12.
26tn (11:19) Heb "Far be it to me from my God from doing this."
27tn (11:19) Heb "with their lives." The same expression occurs later in this verse.
28tn (11:19) Heb "These things the three warriors did."
29tc (11:20) The Syriac reads "thirty" here and at the beginning of v. 21; this reading is followed by some English translations (cf. NAB, NASB, NRSV, NLT).
30tn (11:20) Heb "he was wielding his spear against three hundred, [who were] slain."
31tn (11:20) Heb "and to him [reading with the Qere] there was a name among the three."
32tn (11:21) Or "more than."
33tn (11:21) Heb "of the three."
34tn (11:22) Heb "the two of Ariel, Moab." The precise meaning of layra is uncertain; some read "warrior." The present translation assumes that the word is a proper name and that ynb, "sons of," has accidentally dropped from the text by homoioarcton (note the preceding ynv).
35tn (11:23) Heb "five cubits." Assuming a length of 18 inches for the standard cubit, this individual would be 7.5 feet (2.3 m) tall.
36tn (11:23) Heb "went down to."
37tn (11:25) Or "more than."
38tn (11:29) In 2 Sam 23:27 this individual's name is given as "Mebunnai."
39tn (11:34) In 2 Sam 23:32 this individual's name is given as "Jashen."
40tn (11:35) In 2 Sam 23:33 this individual's name is given as "Sharar."
1tn (12:1) Heb "kept from."
2tn (12:2) Heb "ones armed with bow[s], using the right hand and the left hand with stones and with arrows with the bow, from the brothers of Saul from Benjamin."
3sn (12:5) In the Hebrew text (BHS) a verse division occurs at this point, and for the remainder of the chapter the verse numbers of the Hebrew Bible differ by one from the English Bible. Thus 1 Chr 12:4b ET = 12:5 HT, and 12:5-40 ET = 12:6-41 HT. Beginning with 13:1 the verse numbers in the ET and HT are again the same.
4tn (12:8) Heb "warriors, men of battle for war, prepared with shield and spear, and [like] the face of a lion were their faces, and like gazelles on the hills to hurry."
5tn (12:14) Heb "one for a hundred the small, and the great for a thousand." Another option is to translate the preposition -l= as "against" and to understand this as a hyperbolic reference to their prowess: "the least could stand against a hundred, the greatest against a thousand."
6tn (12:15) The word "River" is not in the Hebrew text, but has been supplied for clarity.
7sn (12:15) That is, March-April.
8tn (12:15) Heb "and they chased all the valleys to the east and to the west."
9tn (12:17) Heb "and David went out before them and answered and said to them."
10tn (12:17) Heb "there will be to me concerning you a heart for unity."
11tn (12:17) Heb "with no violence in my hands."
12tn (12:17) Heb "fathers."
13tn (12:18) Perhaps "the Spirit," but the text has simply jwr with no article (suggesting an indefinite reference).
14tn (12:18) Heb "clothed."
15tn (12:18) The words "and he said" are supplied in the translation for clarity and for stylistic reasons.
16tn (12:18) Heb "are with."
17tn (12:18) Heb "Peace, peace to you." The Hebrew term <wlv ("peace") is repeated to emphasize degree.
18tn (12:18) Heb "and peace to the one who helps you."
19tn (12:18) Or "for."
20tn (12:19) Heb "fell upon," here in a good sense.
21tn (12:19) Heb "and they did not help them for by counsel they sent him away, the lords of the Philistines, saying, `With our heads he will fall to his master Saul.'"
22tn (12:20) Heb "he"; the referent (David) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
23tn (12:22) Heb "for at the time of day in a day they were coming to David to help him until [there was] a great camp like the camp of God." The term <yhla ("God") is probably used idiomatically here to indicate the superlative.
24tn (12:23) Heb "these are the numbers of the heads of the forces armed for battle [who] came to David in Hebron to turn over the kingdom of Saul to him according to the mouth of the LORD."
25tn (12:24) Heb "the sons of Judah, carrying shield and spear, [were] 6,800 armed for battle."
26tn (12:29) Heb "from the sons of Benjamin, the brothers of Saul."
27tn (12:29) Heb "and until then, the majority of them were keeping the charge of the house of Saul."
28tn (12:30) Heb "men of names for the house of their fathers."
29tn (12:32) Heb "from the sons of Issachar, knowers of understanding for times to know what Israel should do, their heads [were] 200, and all their brothers according to their mouth."
30tn (12:33) Heb "from Zebulun, those going out for battle, prepared for war with all weapons of war, 50,000, and to help without a heart and a heart."
31tc (12:38) Heb "all these [were] men of war, helpers of the battle line." The present translation assumes an emendation of yrdu, "helpers of," to ykru, "prepared for."
32tn (12:38) Heb "with a complete heart they came to Hebron to make David king over all Israel."
33tn (12:38) Heb "and also all the rest of Israel [was of] one mind to make David king."
34tn (12:39) Heb "eating and drinking."
35tn (12:40) Heb "cattle and sheep."
36tn (12:40) Heb "for there was joy in Israel."
1tn (13:1) Heb "and David consulted with the officers of thousands and hundreds, to every ruler."
2tn (13:2) Heb "If to you [it is] good and from the LORD our God."
3tn (13:2) Heb "let's spread and let's send." The words "the word" are supplied in the translation for clarification.
4tn (13:2) Heb "in the cities of their pasturelands."
5tn (13:3) Heb "to us."
6tn (13:3) Heb "him." In this case, seeking God's will is what is implied.
7tn (13:3) Heb "in the days of Saul."
8tn (13:4) Heb "all the assembly said to do so."
9tn (13:4) Heb "for right was the word in the eyes of all the people."
10tn (13:5) The word "River" is not in the Hebrew text, but has been supplied for clarity.
sn (13:5) The Shihor River was a river on the border of Egypt, probably the eastern branch of the Nile.
11tn (13:5) Or "the entrance to Hamath."
12tn (13:6) Heb "the ark of God the LORD who sits [between] the cherubim which is called [by his] name."
13tn (13:8) Heb "with all strength."
14tn (13:8) Heb "with songs and with zithers [meaning uncertain] and with harps." Due to the collocation with "harps," some type of stringed instrument is probably in view.
15tn (13:9) Or "to steady."
16tn (13:10) Heb "and the anger of the LORD burned against Uzza."
17tn (13:10) Heb "because he stretched out his hand over the ark."
18sn (13:10) The modern reader might think God seemed to overreact here, but Israel needed a vivid object lesson of God's holiness. By loading the ark on a cart, David had violated the instructions in God's law (Exod 25:12-14; Num 4:5-6, 15). Uzza's action, however innocent it may seem, betrayed a certain lack of reverence for God's presence. God had to remind his people that his holiness could not under any circumstances be violated.
19tn (13:11) Heb "because the LORD broke out [with] breaking out [i.e., an outburst] against Uzza."
20sn (13:11) The name Perez Uzza means in Hebrew "the outburst [against] Uzza."
21sn (13:13) The phrase the City of David refers here to the fortress of Zion in Jerusalem, not to Bethlehem. See 2 Sam 5:7.
1tn (14:1) Heb "craftsman of a wall," that is, masons skilled at building stone walls.
2tn (14:2) Heb "was lifted upwards."
3tn (14:3) Heb "took."
4tn (14:7) In 1 Chr 3:8 and 2 Sam 5:16 this name appears as "Eliada." The form here represents a variant spelling of the name.
5tn (14:8) Heb "anointed."
6tn (14:8) Heb "to seek David."
7tn (14:8) Heb "went out before."
8tn (14:9) Heb "stripped."
9tn (14:11) Heb "by my hand."
10sn (14:11) The name Perazim means "outbursts" in Hebrew.
11tn (14:12) Heb "gods."
12tn (14:14) Heb "and David again asked God."
13tn (14:14) The Hebrew word translated "trees" is defined by HALOT 129 as "shrubs." Some translate "balsam trees" (see BDB 113).
14tn (14:15) Heb "go out in battle."
15tn (14:17) Heb "the name of David went out."
16tn (14:17) Heb "and the LORD placed fear of him upon all the nations."
1tn (15:1) Heb "prepared."
2sn (15:7) Gershom is a variant spelling of the name Gershon.
3tn (15:13) Heb "because for what was at first [i.e., formerly] you [were] not, the LORD our God broke out against us, because we did not seek him concerning the procedure."
4tn (15:16) Heb "causing to be heard to lift up with a voice of joy."
5tn (15:17) The Hebrew text adds, "their brothers."
6tc (15:18) The Hebrew text adds b@/ ("son") here; the word is omitted in three Hebrew MSS and most LXX MSS. If the word is original, perhaps the name of Zechariah's father was accidentally omitted. The NASB treats the word as an additional name in the list ("Ben").
7tn (15:20) The meaning of the Hebrew word twmlu is uncertain; perhaps it refers to a particular style of music. See HALOT 836.
8tn (15:21) The meaning of the Hebrew word tynymv is uncertain; perhaps it refers to a particular style of music.
9tn (15:21) Heb "for" or "according to."
10tn (15:22) Heb "and Kenaniah, the leader of the Levites, with lifting up, supervising with lifting up, for he was well-informed." The precise nuance of acm, "lifting up," is unclear. Some understand it as a reference to supervising the singing and music (e.g., NIV: "Kenaniah...was in charge of the singing"; NEB: "Kenaniah...was precentor in charge of the music").
11tn (15:23) Heb "gatekeepers."
12tn (15:24) Heb "gatekeepers."
13tn (15:27) Heb "the leader, the lifting up, the musicians." See also the note on the word "matter" in v. 22.
14sn (15:27) An ephod was a priestly garment worn over the robe.
15tn (15:29) The Hebrew text adds "in her heart."
1tn (16:1) Or "peace offerings."
2tn (16:11) Heb "face."
3tn (16:12) Heb "and the judgments of his mouth."
4tn (16:13) Heb "seed."
5tn (16:13) Heb "his"; the referent (God) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
6tn (16:13) Heb "his"; the referent (God) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
7tn (16:14) Heb "in all the earth [are] his judgments."
8tn (16:15) The Hebrew text has a masculine plural imperative, addressed to the people. Some LXX MSS harmonize the wording here to Ps 105:8, which has rk^z´, the perfect third masculine singular form of the verb, "He (the LORD) remembers" (so NIV; NEB reads "He called to mind his covenant").
9tn (16:15) Heb "[the] word he commanded." The text refers here to God's unconditional covenantal promise to Abraham and the patriarchs, as vv. 16-18 make clear.
10tn (16:16) Heb "which."
11tn (16:16) Heb "his oath to Isaac."
12tn (16:17) Or "eternal covenant."
13tn (16:20) Heb "and from a kingdom to another nation."
14tn (16:22) The word "saying" is supplied in the translation for clarification and for stylistic reasons.
15tn (16:23) Heb "from day to day."
16tn (16:24) The verb "tell" is understood by ellipsis (note the preceding line).
17tn (16:25) Or "feared above."
18tn (16:26) The Hebrew word <ylyla, "worthless," sounds like <yhla, "gods." The soundplay draws attention to the statement. Many modern English translations render this term as "idols" here.
19tn (16:26) Or "the sky" (also in v. 31). The same Hebrew term, <y]m^v* (v*m^y]<), may be translated "heaven(s)" or "sky" depending on the context.
20tn (16:27) Heb "majesty and splendor [are] before him."
21tn (16:27) Heb "strength and joy [are] in his place."
22tn (16:29) Heb "the splendor of [i.e., due] his name."
23tn (16:29) Or "in holy splendor."
24tn (16:31) Heb "let them say among the nations."
25tn (16:34) Or "is eternal."
26tn (16:35) The words "this prayer" are supplied in the translation for clarity and for stylistic reasons.
27tn (16:35) Heb "to give thanks." The infinitive construct indicates result after the imperative.
28tn (16:35) Heb "to boast in your praise."
29tn (16:36) Heb "from everlasting to everlasting."
30tn (16:36) The Hebrew term /m@a*, "surely," traditionally transliterated "amen."
31tn (16:37) Heb "he"; the referent (David) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
32tn (16:37) Heb "according to the matter of the day in its day."
33tn (16:39) The word "served" is supplied in the translation for clarity and for stylistic reasons.
34tn (16:39) Or "high place."
35tn (16:40) Heb "which he commanded Israel."
36tn (16:41) Perhaps this refers to the refrain of their songs of praise (see Ps 136). In this case one could translate, "to give thanks to the LORD with songs using the refrain, `For his loyal love endures.'"
37tn (16:42) Heb "and with them, Heman and Jeduthun, trumpets and cymbals for sounding, and the instrument of song of God, and the sons of Jeduthun [were] at the gate."
38tn (16:43) Heb "to bless his house." Elsewhere when "house" is the object of "bless," it refers to a household or family. See, for example, 1 Chr 13:14; 17:27. However, since tyb, "house," refers to a literal house or home earlier in the verse and to David's palace in 17:1, one might translate here, "David went to pronounce a blessing on [i.e., dedicate] his house [i.e., palace]."
1tn (17:1) Heb "house."
2tn (17:1) Heb "David." The pronoun "he" has been used in the translation here to avoid redundancy in keeping with contemporary English style.
3tn (17:1) Heb "house."
4tn (17:1) Heb "tent curtains."
5tn (17:2) Heb "all which is in your heart."
6tn (17:3) Heb "the word of God was [i.e., came] to Nathan the prophet."
7tn (17:5) The words "from Egypt" are supplied in the translation for clarification.
8tc (17:5) Heb "and I was from tent to tent and from tabernacle." The words /kvm la, "to tabernacle" should probably be added at the end of the sentence to complete this prepositional phrase and produce symmetry with the preceding prepositional phrase. The words probably fell from the text by homoioteleuton.
sn (17:5) I have lived in a tent that has been in various places. The point here is that the Lord moved with the tabernacle as it moved from place to place; he did not confine himself to a particular location.
9tn (17:6) In the Hebrew text the statement is phrased as a rhetorical question ("Did I say?") meaning "I did not say."
10tn (17:6) Heb "to one of the judges of Israel whom I commanded to shepherd my people."
11tn (17:7) Or "LORD of hosts."
12tn (17:7) Heb "and from after sheep."
13tn (17:8) Heb "cut off."
14tn (17:8) Heb "and I will make for you a name like the name of the great men who are in the earth."
15tn (17:9) Heb "plant."
16tn (17:9) Heb "shaken."
17tn (17:9) Heb "and sons of violence will no longer consume them as in the beginning."
18tn (17:10) Here the word "house" is used in a metaphorical sense, referring to a royal dynasty. The LORD's use of the word here plays off the literal sense that David had in mind as he contemplated building a temple ("house") for the LORD. Quotation marks are used around the word "house" in the translation to indicate that the term is used metaphorically.
19tn (17:11) Heb "and it will be when your days are full to go with your ancestors."
20tn (17:11) Heb "your seed."
21tn (17:12) Heb "and I will establish his throne permanently."
22sn (17:13) The one who ruled before you is a reference to Saul, from whom the kingdom was taken and given to David.
23tn (17:14) Heb "and his throne will be established permanently."
24tn (17:15) Heb "according to all these words and according to all this revelation, so Nathan said to David."
25tn (17:16) Heb "house."
26tn (17:17) Heb "and this was small in your eyes, O God, so you spoke concerning the house of your servant for a distance."
27tn (17:17) The translation "You have revealed to me what men long to know" is very tentative; the meaning of the Hebrew text is unclear. The text appears to read literally, "and you see me like the searching of man, that which is upward," which is nonsensical. The translation above assumes the following: (1) The Qal verb translated "you see me" is repointed as a Hiphil, "you showed me," (2) rwt is understood in the sense of "searching, exploring," and (3) hlumh is taken in a temporal sense of "that which lies beyond." Thus one could translate, "you have shown me what men search for, what lies beyond."
28tn (17:18) The word "say" is supplied in the translation for clarification.
29tn (17:18) Heb "for honoring your servant, and you, your servant, know."
30tn (17:19) Heb "heart."
31tn (17:19) Heb "to make known all the great deeds."
32tn (17:20) The Hebrew text reads literally, "in all which we heard with our ears," but lkb, "in all," should probably be emended to lkk, "according to all."
33tn (17:21) Heb "a nation, one."
34tn (17:21) Heb "whose God," or "because God." In the Hebrew text this clause is subordinated to what precedes. The clauses are separated in the translation for stylistic reasons.
35tn (17:21) Heb "redeem" or "deliver."
36tn (17:21) Heb "to make for yourself a name [with] great and awesome [deeds]."
37tn (17:21) Heb "to drive out."
38tn (17:21) Heb "from Egypt, nations." The parallel text in 2 Sam 7:23 reads "from Egypt, nations and its gods."
39tn (17:22) Heb "and you made your people Israel your own for a people permanently."
40tn (17:23) Heb "and now, O LORD, the word which you spoke concerning your servant and concerning his house, may it be established permanently."
41tn (17:23) Heb "as you have spoken."
42tn (17:24) Following the imperative in v. 23b, the prefixed verbal form with vav conjunctive indicates purpose/result: "so it might become a reality."
43tn (17:24) Heb "so it might be established."
44tn (17:24) Heb "and your name might be great permanently." Following the imperative in v. 23b, the prefixed verbal form with vav conjunctive indicates purpose/result (parallel to the previous purpose/result clause): "[so]...you might gain lasting fame."
45tn (17:24) Heb "saying." The words "as people" are supplied in the translation for clarification and for stylistic reasons.
46tn (17:24) Heb "the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, Israel's God." The phrases larcy yhla, "God of Israel," and larcyl <yhla, "Israel's God," are probably alternative readings that have been conflated in the text.
47tn (17:24) Heb "the house of David."
48tn (17:25) Heb "house."
49tn (17:25) Heb "That is why your servant found to pray before you." Perhaps the phrase wbl ta, "his heart," should be supplied as the object of the verb "found."
50tn (17:26) Heb "the God." The article indicates uniqueness here.
51tn (17:26) Heb "and you have spoken to your servant this good thing."
52tn (17:27) Heb "house."
53tn (17:27) Heb "for you, O LORD, have blessed and [it is] blessed permanently."
1tn (18:1) Heb "from the hand of the Philistines." Here "hand" is figurative language for "control."
2tn (18:2) Heb "and the Moabites were servants of David, carriers of tribute."
3tn (18:3) Heb "when he went to set up his hand at the Euphrates River." The Hebrew word dy, "hand," is usually understood to mean "control" or "dominion" here. However, since dy does occasionally refer to a monument, perhaps one could translate, "to set up his monument at the Euphrates River" (i.e., as a visible marker of the limits of his dominion). For another example of the Hiphil of bxn used with dy, "monument," see 1 Sam 15:12.
4tn (18:4) Or "horsemen."
5tn (18:4) Heb "his"; the referent (Hadadezer) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
6tn (18:4) Heb "and David cut the hamstrings of all the chariot horses, and he left from them one hundred chariot horses."
7tc (18:6) Heb "and David placed in Aram of Damascus." The object <ybyxn, "garrisons," appears to have been accidentally omitted from the text. See v. 13, as well as the parallel passage in 2 Sam 8:6, which includes it.
8tn (18:6) Or "delivered."
9tn (18:6) Or "wherever he went."
10tn (18:7) Heb "which were upon the servants of Hadadezer."
11tn (18:8) The MT reads "Tibhath" here, a variant name for Tebah (cf. 2 Sam 8:8). Some English translations substitute the other version of the name here (e.g., NIV, NLT), while others follow the reading of the Hebrew text at this point (e.g., NAB, NASB, NRSV).
12tn (18:8) Heb "the sea of bronze," or "[the] sea, the bronze one." See the note at 1 Kgs 7:23.
13tn (18:10) Heb "to ask concerning him for peace."
14tn (18:10) Heb "and to bless him because he fought with Hadadezer and defeated him, for Hadadezer was a man of battles with Tou."
15tn (18:10) Heb "[along with] all items of gold and silver and bronze."
16tn (18:11) Heb "also them King David made holy to the LORD."
17tn (18:11) Heb "from."
18tn (18:13) Or "delivered."
19tn (18:13) Or "wherever he went."
20tn (18:14) Heb "and he was doing what is just and fair for all his people."
21tn (18:15) Heb "over."
22tn (18:17) Heb "[was] over."
23tn (18:17) Heb "and the sons of David [were] the heads at the hand of David."
1tn (19:2) Heb "do loyalty."
2tn (19:2) Heb "did loyalty."
3tn (19:2) Heb "to console him concerning his father."
4tn (19:2) Heb "and the servants of David came to the land of the sons of Ammon to Hanun to console him."
5tn (19:3) Heb "Is David honoring your father in your eyes when he sends to you ones consoling?"
6tc (19:3) Heb "Is it not to explore and to overturn and to spy out the land (that) his servants have come to you?" The Hebrew term iphl, "to overturn," seems misplaced in the sequence. Some emend the form to rpjl, "to spy out." The sequence of three infinitives may be a conflation of alternative readings.
7tn (19:4) Heb "shaved them." See v. 5.
8tn (19:4) Heb "and he cut their robes in the middle unto the buttocks."
9tn (19:5) Heb "they."
10tn (19:5) Heb "the men."
11tn (19:6) Heb "that they were a stench [i.e., disgusting] with David."
12tn (19:6) Or "talents." The Hebrew word rkk , "circle," refers generally to something that is round. When used of metals it can refer to a disk-shaped weight made of the metal or, by extension, to a standard unit of weight. According to the older (Babylonian) standard the "talent" weighed 130 lbs. (58.9 kg), but later this was lowed to 108.3 lbs. (49.1 kg). More recent research suggests the "light" standard talent was 67.3 lbs. (30.6 kg). Using this as the standard for calculation, the Ammonites hired chariots and charioteers for about 33.7 tons (30,600 kg) of silver.
13tn (19:8) The words "the news" and "to meet them" are added in the translation for stylistic reasons and for clarification.
14tn (19:10) Heb "and Joab saw that the face of the battle was to him before and behind and he chose from all the best in Israel and arranged to meet Aram."
15tn (19:12) Heb "he"; the referent (Joab) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
16tn (19:12) Heb "if Aram is stronger than me."
17tn (19:12) Heb "if the sons of Ammon are stronger than you."
18tn (19:13) Heb "and the LORD, what is good in his eyes, he will do."
19tn (19:14) Heb "and the army which was with him."
20tn (19:16) Heb "the River," referring to the Euphrates. This has been specified in the translation for clarity.
21tn (19:16) Heb "and Aram saw that they were struck down before Israel and they sent messengers and brought out Aram which is beyond the River, and Shophach the commander of the army of Hadadezer [was] before them."
22tn (19:17) The word "River" is not in the Hebrew text, but has been supplied in the translation for clarity.
23tn (19:17) Heb "and he came to them and was deployed against them."
24tn (19:17) Heb "and David was deployed to meet Aram [for] battle and they fought with him."
1tn (20:1) Heb "and it was at the time of the turning of the year, at the time of the going out of kings."
2tc (20:2) The translation follows the MT, which reads "of their king"; the LXX and Vulgate read "of Milcom" (cf. 1 Kgs 11:5). Milcom, also known as Molech, was the god of the Ammonites.
3sn (20:2) See the note on the word "units" in 19:6.
4tn (20:2) Heb "and it was on the head of David."
5tc (20:3) The Hebrew text reads "saws," but since saws were just mentioned, it is preferable to emend twrgm, "saws," to twrzgm, "axes."
6tn (20:4) Heb "battle stood."
7tn (20:4) Heb "they"; the referent (the Philistines) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
8tc (20:5) The Hebrew text reads, "Elchanan son of Jair killed Lachmi the brother of Goliath the Gittite." But it is likely that the accusative marker in front of ymjl, "Lachmi," is a corruption of tyb, and that ymjl ta should be emended to ymjlh tyb, "the Bethlehemite." See 2 Sam 21:19.
9tn (20:6) Heb "and there was another battle, in Gath."
10tn (20:8) Heb "his servants."
1tn (21:1) Or "Satan." The Hebrew word /f*c* (c*f*/) can refer to an adversary in general or Satan in particular. There is no article accompanying the term here, which suggests it should be understood generally.
2tn (21:1) Heb "stood against."
3tn (21:1) Heb "and incited David to count Israel." As v. 5 indicates, David was not interested in a general census, but in determining how much military strength he had.
sn (21:1) The parallel text in 2 Sam 24:1 says, "The LORD's anger again raged against Israel and he incited David against them, saying: `Go, count Israel and Judah!'" The version of the incident in the Book of 2 Samuel gives an underlying theological perspective, while the Chronicler simply describes what happened from a human perspective. Many interpreters and translations render the Hebrew /fc as a proper name here, "Satan" (NEB, NASB, NIV, NRSV). However, the Hebrew term /fc, which means "adversary," is used here without the article. Elsewhere when it appears without the article, it refers to a personal or national adversary in the human sphere, the lone exception being Num 22:22, 32, where the angel of the Lord assumes the role of an adversary to Balaam. When referring elsewhere to the spiritual entity known in the NT as Satan, the noun has the article and is used as a title, "the Adversary" (see Job 1:6-9, 12; 2:1-4, 6-7; Zech 3:1-2). In light of usage elsewhere the adversary in 1 Chr 21:1 is likely a human enemy, probably a nearby nation whose hostility against Israel pressured David into numbering the people so he could assess his military strength. For compelling linguistic and literary arguments against taking the noun as a proper name here, see S. Japhet, I & II Chronicles (OTL), 374-75.
4tn (21:2) Or "people."
5tn (21:2) Heb "Go, count Israel." See the note on "had" in v. 1.
6tn (21:2) Heb "their number."
7tn (21:3) Or "people."
8tn (21:3) Heb "Why should it become guilt for Israel?" David's decision betrays an underlying trust in his own strength rather than in divine provision. See also 1 Chr 27:23-24.
9tn (21:4) Heb "and the word of the king was stronger than Joab."
10tn (21:5) Heb "and Joab gave to David the number of the numbering of the army [or, "people"]."
11tn (21:5) Heb "a thousand thousands and one hundred thousand."
12tn (21:6) Heb "he"; the proper name ("Joab") has been substituted for the pronoun here for stylistic reasons; the proper name occurs at the end of the verse in the Hebrew text, where it has been replaced by the pronoun ("him") in the translation.
13tn (21:7) Heb "There was displeasure in the eyes of God concerning this thing."
14tn (21:9) Heb "seer."
15tn (21:10) Heb "Three I am extending to you; choose for yourself one of them and I will do it to you."
16tc (21:12) Heb "or three months being swept away from before your enemies and the sword of your enemies overtaking." The Hebrew term hpsn (Niphal participle from hps) should probably be emended to hksn (Qal infinitive from swn with second masculine singular suffix). See 2 Sam 24:13.
17tn (21:12) Heb "or three days of the sword of the LORD and plague in the land, and the messenger [or, "angel"] of the LORD destroying in all the territory of Israel."
18tn (21:13) Heb "There is great distress to me; let me fall into the hand of the LORD for his mercy is very great, but into the hand of men let me not fall."
19tn (21:15) Or "an angel."
20tn (21:15) Or "destroy."
21tn (21:15) Heb "while he was destroying."
22tn (21:15) Or "saw."
23tn (21:15) Or "was grieved because of."
24tn (21:15) Heb "concerning the calamity."
25tn (21:15) For this nuance of the Hebrew word br~, see BDB 913.
26tn (21:15) Heb "Now, drop your hand."
27tn (21:15) In the parallel text in 2 Sam 24:16 this individual is called anwra, "Aravna" (traditionally, "Araunah"). The form of the name found here also occurs in vv. 18-28.
28tn (21:16) Heb "and David and the elders, covered with sackcloth, fell on their faces."
29tn (21:17) "and doing evil I did evil." The infinitive absolute precedes the finite form of the verb for emphasis.
30tn (21:17) Heb "let your hand be on me and on the house of my father."
31tn (21:17) Heb "but on your people not for a plague."
32tn (21:18) Heb "that he should go up to raise up."
33tn (21:19) Heb "and David went up by the word of Gad which he spoke in the name of the LORD."
34tn (21:21) Heb "nostrils."
35tn (21:22) Heb "the place of the threshing floor."
36tn (21:22) Following the imperative, the prefixed verbal form with vav conjunctive here indicates the immediate purpose/result: "so I can build."
37tn (21:22) Heb "For full silver sell to me."
38tn (21:22) Following the imperative and first person prefixed verbal form with vav conjunctive, this third person prefixed verbal form with vav conjunctive introduces the ultimate purpose/result: "so the plague may be removed." Another option is subordinate this form to the preceding imperative, but the latter may be taken as a parenthetical expansion of the initial request.
39tn (21:23) Heb "take for yourself."
40tn (21:23) Heb "what is good in his eyes."
41tn (21:24) Heb "No, for buying I will buy for full silver." The infinitive absolute precedes the finite verb for emphasis.
42tn (21:24) Or "without [paying] compensation."
43tn (21:25) Heb "six hundred shekels of gold." This would have been about 15 lbs. (6.8 kg) of gold by weight.
44tn (21:26) Or "peace offerings."
45tn (21:26) Heb "he"; the referent (the LORD) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
46tn (21:27) Heb "spoke to the messenger."
1tn (21:29) Or "high place."
2tn (22:5) Heb "a young man and tender."
3tn (22:5) Heb "and the house to build to make exceedingly great for a name and for splendor for all the lands."
4tn (22:7) Heb "I was with my heart."
5tn (22:7) Heb "for the name of."
6tn (22:8) Heb "and the word of the LORD was [i.e., came] to me saying."
7tn (22:8) Heb "for my name."
8tn (22:9) Heb "man of rest."
9tn (22:9) Heb "his enemies all around."
10sn (22:9) The name Solomon (Heb "Shelomoh") sounds like (and may be derived from) the Hebrew word for "peace" (Heb "shalom").
11tn (22:9) Heb "in his days."
12tn (22:10) Heb "for my name."
13tn (22:10) Heb "and I will establish the throne of his kingdom over Israel permanently."
14tn (22:11) Heb "as he spoke concerning you."
15tn (22:12) Or "keep."
16tn (22:13) Heb "which the LORD commanded Moses concerning Israel."
17tn (22:13) Or perhaps, "and don't get discouraged."
18tn (22:14) Heb "and look, in my affliction [or perhaps, "poverty"] I have supplied for the house of the LORD."
19tn (22:14) Heb "talents" (twice in this verse). See the note on the word "units" in 19:6.
20tn (22:14) Heb "a thousand thousands."
21tn (22:15) Heb "craftsmen of stone and wood."
22tn (22:16) Heb "and every kind of skilled one in all work, concerning gold, concerning silver, and concerning bronze, and concerning iron, there is no numbering."
23tn (22:17) Or "help."
24tn (22:18) The words "he told them" are added in the translation for clarity and for stylistic reasons.
25tn (22:18) In the Hebrew text the statement is phrased as a rhetorical question, "Is not the LORD your God with you?" The question anticipates the response, "Of course he is!" Thus in the translation the positive statement "The LORD your God is with you!" has been used.
26tn (22:18) Heb "and he gives rest to you all around."
27tn (22:18) Or "earth."
28tn (22:18) Or "earth."
29tn (22:19) Heb "now give your heart and your being to seek the LORD your God."
30tn (22:19) Heb "to bring."
31tn (22:19) Heb "items of holiness of God."
32tn (22:19) Heb "for the name of the LORD."
1tn (23:1) Heb "and full of years."
2tn (23:2) Heb "he"; the referent (David) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
3tn (23:3) Heb "and their number by their heads, by men, was 38,000."
4tn (23:4) The words "David said" are supplied here in the translation for clarification. The appearance of the first person verb "I supplied" in v. 5 indicates that David is speaking here.
5tn (23:5) Heb "made to [or, "for"] praise."
6tc (23:10) The MT reads "Zina" here and "Zizah" in v. 11. One Hebrew MS, the LXX, and the Vulgate, harmonizing the form of the name to that found in v. 11, read "Zizah" here.
7sn (23:10) Verses 8-10 are confusing. Two different lists of Shimei's sons appear. In between these lists is the statement "these were the leaders of the family of Ladan," suggesting that the list just before this includes the sons of Ladan, not Shimei. But verse 8 already lists Ladan's sons. Apparently the text as it stands is a conflation of differing traditions.
8tn (23:13) Heb "and Aaron was set apart to consecrate it, the most holy things, he and his sons, permanently, to sacrifice before the LORD, to serve him, and to bless his name permanently."
9tn (23:14) Heb "and Moses the man of God, his sons were called to the tribe of Levi."
10tn (23:16) The Hebrew text has the plural "sons," but only one name appears after this. The attached phrase "the oldest" might indicate that Shebuel was not Gershom's only son, but note v. 17.
11tn (23:17) The Hebrew text has "the sons of Eliezer were," but only one name appears after this in the verse, and we are specifically told that Eliezer had no other sons.
12tn (23:18) The Hebrew text has the plural "sons," but only one name appears after this. The attached phrase "the oldest" might indicate that Shelomith was not Izhar's only son, but note v. 17.
13tn (23:22) Heb "the sons of Kish, their brothers [i.e., relatives/cousins] lifted them up." For other uses of acn ("lift up") in the sense of "marry," see BDB 671.
14tn (23:24) Heb "these were the sons of Levi according to the house of their fathers, heads of the fathers, according to their numberings, by number of names, according to their heads, doer[s] of the work for the service of the house of the LORD, from a son of twenty years and upwards."
15tn (23:27) Heb "for by the final words of David, they were the number of the sons of Levi, from a son of twenty years and upward."
16tn (23:28) Heb "For their assignment was at the hand of the sons of Aaron for the work of the house of the LORD concerning the courtyards and concerning the rooms and concerning the purification of all holiness and the work of the service of the house of God."
17tn (23:29) Heb "with respect to."
18tn (23:29) The Hebrew terms hrwcm and hdm refer to different types of measurements.
19tn (23:30) Heb "and to stand."
20tn (23:31) Heb "by number according to the manner upon them, regularly before the LORD."
21tn (23:32) Heb "and they kept the charge of the tent of meeting and the charge of the holy place and the charge of the sons of Aaron, their brothers, for the service of the house of the LORD."
1tn (24:3) Heb "for their assignment in their service."
2tn (24:4) Heb "And the sons of Eleazar were found to be more, with respect to the heads of men, than the sons of Ithamar, and they divided them. To the sons of Eleazar there were sixteen heads, according to the house of the fathers; and to the sons of Ithamar there were eight, according to the house of their fathers."
3tn (24:5) Heb "and they divided them by lots, these with these, for the officials of the holy place and the officials of God were from the sons of Eleazar and among the sons of Ithamar."
4tn (24:6) Heb "one house of a father was drawn by lot for Eleazar, and one [this assumes an emendation of zja to dja, "one"] was drawn by lot for Ithamar."
5tn (24:19) Heb "father."
6tn (24:19) Heb "these were their responsibilities for their service to enter the house of the LORD according to their manner [given] by the hand of Aaron their father, as the LORD God of Israel commanded him."
7tn (24:20) Heb "Belonging to the rest of the sons of Levi."
8tn (24:20) This appears to be a variant of the name Shebuel (cf. 1 Chr 23:16 and 26:24).
9tc (24:23) Most Hebrew MSS omit "Hebron" here, but see 1 Chr 23:19. The name is included in two Hebrew MSS and some LXX MSS.
10tn (24:24) The Hebrew text has the plural "sons," but only one name appears after this.
11tn (24:26) Heb "the sons of Jaaziah, Beno." Apparently wnb, which could be translated "his son," is a proper name here. The text, however, may be corrupt at this point; a list of Jaaziah's sons may have been accidentally omitted. See v. 27.
12tn (24:27) Or "from Jaaziah his son." See the note on "Beno" in v. 26.
13tc (24:29) The Hebrew text has, "Belonging to [i.e., from] Kish, the sons of Kish, Jerachmeel." There appears to be a conflation of headings.
14tn (24:31) Heb "the fathers [i.e., families] of the head [i.e., oldest] just like his youngest brother."
1tn (25:1) Heb "David and the officers of the army set apart for service the sons of Asaph and Heman and Jeduthun, the ones prophesying by harps, by lyres, and by cymbals."
2tn (25:1) Heb "and their number was, the men of work for their service."
3tn (25:2) Heb "the sons of Asaph [were] upon the hand of Asaph, the one prophesying upon the hands of the king."
4tn (25:3) Heb "belonging to Jeduthun, the sons of Jeduthun."
5tn (25:3) This name appears as "Izri" in v. 10.
6tc (25:3) One Hebrew MS and some LXX MSS supply the name "Shimei" after "Jeshaiah." Most Hebrew MSS omit the name here (but cf. v. 17).
7tc (25:3) The list includes only five names. Apparently the name "Shimei" (see v. 17), which appears in one medieval Hebrew MS and in the LXX, has been accidentally omitted from the Hebrew text.
8tn (25:4) Heb "belonging to Heman, the sons of Heman."
9tn (25:5) Heb "by the words of God to exalt a horn." An animal's horn is sometimes used metaphorically as a symbol of strength and honor. See BDB 901-2.
10tn (25:7) Heb "and their number with their brothers, trained in music to the LORD, all skilled, was 288."
11tn (25:8) Heb "and they cast lots [for] service, just as like small, like great, teacher with student."
12tc (25:9) Heb "The first lot went to Asaph, to Joseph." Apparently the recurring formula, "and his sons and his relatives, twelve" has been accidentally omitted from the Hebrew text at this point (see vv. 10-31; the formula is slightly different in v. 9b). If the number "twelve" is not supplied here, the total comes to only 276, not the 288 required by v. 7.
13tn (25:11) "Izri" is a variant of the name "Zeri" (cf. 25:3).
14tn (25:14) "Jesharelah" is a variant of the name "Asarelah" (cf. 25:2).
15tn (25:18) "Azarel" is a variant of the name "Uzziel" (cf. 25:4).
1tn (26:7) Or "brothers."
2tn (26:13) Heb "for a gate and a gate," i.e., for each gate.
3tn (26:14) "Shelemiah" is a variant of the name "Meshelemiah" (cf. 26:2).
4tn (26:15) Heb "a guard alongside a guard."
5tn (26:20) Or "treasuries."
6tn (26:21) "Ladan" is a variant of the name "Libni" (cf. 6:17).
7tn (26:21) "Jehieli" is a variant of the name "Jehiel" (cf. 23:8).
8tc (26:25) The marginal reading (Qere) is "Shelomith," while the consonantal text (Kethib) has "Shelomoth."
9tc (26:26) The MT reads "Shelomoth"; the name is spelled "Shelomith" in the marginal reading (Qere) of v. 25.
10tn (26:28) Or "seer."
11tn (26:29) The words "the temple" are supplied in the translation for clarification.
12tn (26:31) Heb "and they were searched and there were found in them."
13tn (26:32) Heb "and his brothers, sons of respect, [were] 2,700, heads of fathers."
14tn (26:32) Heb "with respect to every matter of God and matter of the king."
1tn (27:1) Heb "and the sons of Israel according to their number, heads of the fathers and the commanders of the thousands and the hundreds and their officers who served the king with respect to every matter of the divisions, [that which] comes and goes out month by month according to all the months of the year, one division [was] twenty-four thousand."
2tn (27:4) Heb "the leader."
3tn (27:6) Heb "That [was the] Benaiah [who was] a warrior of the thirty and over the thirty, and his division, Ammizabad his son."
4tn (27:7) Heb "[was] after him."
5tn (27:24) Heb "anger was on Israel."
6tc (27:24) The Hebrew text has "in the number," but rpsm is probably dittographic--note that the same word appears immediately before this. The form should be emended to rpsb, "in the scroll."
7tn (27:26) Heb "with respect to the work of the land." The phrase refers to agricultural labor; see HALOT 776.
8tn (27:27) Heb "and over [that] which is in the vineyards, with respect to the storehouses of the wine, [was] Zabdi the Shiphmite."
9tn (27:28) Or "foothills"; Heb "the Shephelah."
10tn (27:32) Heb "was an adviser, a man of insight, and a scribe."
11tn (27:32) Heb "[was] with."
12tn (27:33) Heb "friend."
1tn (28:2) Heb "I, with my heart to build a house of rest for the ark of the covenant of the LORD and for a stool of the feet of our God."
2tn (28:3) Heb "for my name."
3tn (28:4) Heb "out of all the house of my father to become king over all Israel permanently."
4tn (28:4) Or "for."
5tn (28:4) Heb "and among the sons of my father he desired to make me king over all Israel."
6tn (28:5) Heb "from all my sons, for many sons the LORD has given to me, he chose Solomon my son to sit on the throne of the kingdom of the LORD over Israel."
7tn (28:7) Heb "if he is strong to do my commands and my regulations like this day."
8tn (28:8) The words "I say this" are not in the Hebrew text, but are supplied in the translation for clarity and for stylistic reasons.
9tn (28:8) Heb "Watch! Seek!"
10tn (28:9) Heb "know."
11tn (28:9) Heb "with a complete heart and a willing being."
12tn (28:9) Heb "he will allow himself to be found by you."
13tn (28:10) Heb "see."
14tn (28:11) Heb "for the porch." The word "temple" was supplied in the translation for clarity.
15tn (28:11) Or "storerooms."
16tn (28:11) Heb "house."
17tn (28:12) The words "he gave him" are supplied in the translation for clarity and for stylistic reasons.
18tn (28:12) Heb "the pattern of all which was in the spirit with him."
19tn (28:13) The words "he gave him the regulations" are supplied in the translation for clarity and for stylistic reasons.
20tn (28:14) The words "he gave him" are supplied in the translation for clarity and for stylistic reasons.
21tn (28:14) Heb "for the gold, by the weight, for the gold, for all the items of service and service, for all the items of silver by weight for all the items of service and service."
22tn (28:18) The words "he gave him" are supplied in the translation for clarity and for stylistic reasons.
23tc (28:18) The Hebrew text reads hbkrm, "chariot.," but the final he is probably dittographic--note the prefixed he on the immediately following word. It is preferable to read bkrm, "seat."
24tc (28:18) The Hebrew text does not have "their wings," but the word <ypnk, "wings," has probably been accidentally omitted by homoioteleuton. Note that the immediately preceding <ycrpl also ends in mem.
25tn (28:19) The words "David said" are supplied in the translation for clarification and for stylistic reasons.
26tn (28:19) Heb "the whole in writing from the hand of the LORD upon me, he gave insight [for] all the workings of the plan."
27tn (28:20) Or perhaps, "don't be discouraged."
28tn (28:21) Heb "and with you in all work, for every willing [one] in skill for all service."
29tn (28:21) Heb "and the officials and all the people to all your words."
1tn (29:1) Heb "a young man and tender."
2tn (29:2) Heb "and according to all my strength."
3tn (29:2) Heb "the gold for the gold, and the silver for the silver, and the bronze for the bronze, and the iron for the iron, and the wood for the wood."
4tn (29:4) Heb "talents." See the note on the word "units" in 19:6. Using the "light" standard talent of 67.3 lbs. (30.6 kg) as the standard for calculation, David had supplied 101 tons (91,800 kg) of gold and 235.5 tons (214,200 kg) of silver.
5tn (29:7) Heb "talents" (four times in this verse). See the note on the word "units" in 19:6. Using the "light" standard talent of 67.3 lbs. (30.6 kg) as the standard for calculation, the people donated 168.3 tons (153,000 kg) of gold, 336.5 tons (306,000 kg) of silver, 605.7 tons (550,800 kg) of bronze, and 3,365 tons (3,060,000 kg) of iron.
6tn (29:7) On the "daric" as a unit of measure, see BDB 204. Some have regarded the daric as a minted coin, perhaps even referring to the Greek drachma, but this is less likely.
sn (29:7) The daric was a unit of weight perhaps equal to between 8 and 9 grams (just under one-third of an ounce), so 10,000 darics of gold would weigh between 80 and 90 kilograms (between 176 and 198 pounds).
7tn (29:8) The word "precious" is supplied in the translation for clarification.
8tn (29:9) Heb "with a complete heart ."
9tn (29:9) Heb "was rejoiced with great joy."
10tn (29:10) Heb "assembly, and David said." The words "and David said" are redundant according to contemporary English style and have not been included in the translation.
11tn (29:11) The words "and sovereign" are added in the translation for clarification and for stylistic reasons.
12tn (29:11) Heb "head."
13tn (29:12) Heb "wealth and honor [are] from before you."
14tn (29:12) Heb "and in your hand [is] strength and might and in your hand to magnify and to give strength to all."
15tn (29:14) Heb "that we should retain strength to contribute like this."
16tn (29:14) Heb "and from you we have given to you."
17tn (29:15) Heb "fathers" (also in vv. 18, 20).
18tn (29:15) Or perhaps "hope."
19tn (29:17) Heb "a heart."
20tn (29:17) Heb "with integrity of heart."
21tn (29:18) Heb "keep this permanently with respect to the motive of the thoughts of the heart of your people, and make firm their heart to you."
22tn (29:19) Heb "and to Solomon my son give a complete heart to keep your commands, your rules and your regulations, and to do everything, and to build the palace [for] which I have prepared."
23tn (29:22) Heb "they ate and drank."
24tn (29:22) Heb "with great joy."
25sn (29:22) See 1 Chr 23:1, where David had previously designated Solomon as king over Israel.
26tn (29:23) Heb "listened to him."
27tn (29:24) Heb "placed a hand under Solomon the king."
28tn (29:25) Heb "and gave to him glory of kingship which there was not concerning every king before him over Israel."
29tn (29:28) Heb "satisfied with days, wealth, and honor."
30tn (29:29) Heb "and the events of David the king, the former and the latter, look they are written in the annals of Samuel the seer, and in the annals of Nathan the prophet, and in the annals of Gad the seer."
31tn (29:30) Heb "with all his reign and his might, and the times which passed over him and over Israel and over all the kingdoms of the lands."