1
sn (1:1) The meaning of the thirtieth year is problematic. Some take it to mean the age of Ezekiel when he prophesied (e.g., Origen). The Aramaic Targum explains the thirtieth year as the thirtieth year dated from the recovery of the book of the Torah in the temple in Jerusalem (2 Kgs 22:3-9). The number seems somehow to be equated with the fifth year of Jehoiachin in 1:2, i.e., 593 B.C.
2sn (1:1) The Kebar River is mentioned in Babylonian texts from the city of Nippur in the fifth century B.C. It provided artificial irrigation from the Euphrates.
3sn (1:1) For the concept of the heavens opened in later literature, see 3 Macc 6:18; 2 Apoc. Bar. 22:1; T. Levi 5:1; Matt 3:16; Acts 7:56; Rev 19:11.
4tn (1:1) Or "saw a divine vision." The phrase occurs also in Ezek 8:3; 40:2 and its occurrence is a marker for dividing the book into three sections.
5sn (1:3) The prophet's name, Ezekiel, means in Hebrew "May God strengthen."
6tn (1:3) Or "to Ezekiel son of Buzi the priest."
7tn (1:3) Heb "Chaldeans." These were an Aramaic people group who won their independence from the Assyrians in 625 B.C.
8sn (1:3) Hand is used in the OT to refer to "power" (Exod 9:3; Deut 2:15; 1 Sam 5:9; Isa 41:20). When the hand of God came upon Elijah he received supernatural strength (1 Kgs 18:46). In Ezekiel God's "hand" is regularly associated with a divine vision (3:22; 8:1; 37:1; 40:1).
9sn (1:4) Storms are often associated with appearances of God (see, Nah 1:3; Ps 18:12; 2 Sam 22:13).
10tn (1:4) Or "bright light." The term also occurs in 1:27b.
11tn (1:4) Heb a "fire taking itself." The phrase "fire flashing forth" occurs elsewhere only in Exod 9:24.
12tn (1:4) The Hebrew term translated "glowing substance" is rendered as hjlektron (hlektron) by the LXX and the cognate electrum by the Vulgate.
sn (1:4) The term glowing substance (lmvj) is used in Modern Hebrew for the word "electricity."
13sn (1:5) The Hebrew word (twmd, "form"), translated what looked like, is first used in Gen 1:26 in referring to man as being according to God's "likeness." The word occurs 9 times in Ezek 1 (1:5 [twice], 10, 13, 16, 22, 26 [twice], 28).
14tn (1:5) The Hebrew term is feminine plural yet thirty-three of the forty five pronominal suffixes and verbal references which refer to the living beings in the chapter are masculine plural.
sn (1:5) The grammatical vacillation between masculine and feminine plurals suggests the difficulty Ezekiel had in penning these words as he was overcome by the vision of God.
15tn (1:5) The repetition of the Hebrew words twmd ("form; likeness") and harm ("appearance") suggests that it is not possible to describe God explicitly.
sn (1:5) The Hebrew word translated appearance (harm) occurs fifteen times in Ezek 1 (1:5, 13 [twice], 14, 16 [twice], 27 [four times], 28 [three times]).
16sn (1:5) They had human form may mean they stood erect.
17sn (1:7) The Hebrew verb translated gleamed (Jxn) occurs only here in the OT.
18tc (1:8) The MT reads "his hand" (wdyw), while many Hebrew MSS as well as the Qere read (ydyw) "hands of." Two similar Hebrew letters, vav (w) and yod (y), have been confused.
19tc (1:11) The first phrase of v. 11 is missing in the LXX.
20tc (1:13) The first word in the MT (twmd) was read as kai ejn mesw ("in the midst") by the LXX.
21sn (1:13) Burning coals of fire are a part of other visions of God (see 2 Sam 22:9, 13; Ps 18:8).
22tn (1:14) The Hebrew term qzb occurs only here in the OT. In post-biblical Hebrew the term refers to a lightning flash.
23sn (1:15) Another vision which includes wheels on thrones occurs in Dan 7:9.
24tn (1:15) The Hebrew word Jra may be translated either "earth" or "ground" in this context.
25tn (1:16) The meaning of the Hebrew word translated "jasper" is uncertain. The term has also been translated "topaz" (NEB); "beryl" (KJV, NASB, NRSV); or "chrysolite" (RSV, NIV).
26tn (1:16) Or "like a wheel at right angles to another wheel."
27tn (1:18) Or "awesomely high" (a hendiadys).
28tc (1:20) The MT adds the additional phrase "the spirit would go."
29tn (1:22) Or "like a dome." The first occurrence of this Hebrew noun (uyqr) is found in Gen 1:6.
30tn (1:22) Or "like crystal."
31tn (1:24) Or "voice." The Hebrew term lwq occurs 5 times in this verse and once in v. 25.
sn (1:24) The occurrence of sound with the mention of "hearing" (1:24, 28) indicates that the focus of the vision has moved from sight to sound.
32tn (1:24) The only other occurrence of the Hebrew word hlmh is in Jer 11:16. It indicates a noise like that of the turmoil of a military camp or the sound of an army on the march.
33tn (1:27) See Ezek 1:4.
34sn (1:28) Reference to the glowing substance and the brilliant light and storm phenomena in vv. 27-28a echo in reverse order the occurrence of these phenomena in v. 4.
35tn (1:28) The vision closes with the repetition of the verb har ("to see") from the beginning of the vision in 1:4.
1sn (2:1) The phrase son of man occurs ninety-three times in the book of Ezekiel.
2tn (2:1) The phrase "with you" would normally be understood as a direct object "you" in Hebrew. The same phenomenon occurs in 1-2 Kings and Jeremiah (Bauer-Leander, Historisches Grammatik, §81.o).
3tc (2:3) Heb "to the rebellious nations." The phrase "to the rebellious nations" is omitted in the LXX in an apparent attempt to provide a smoother reading. Elsewhere in Ezekiel the singular word ywg ("nation") is used for Israel (36:13-15; 37:22). Here "nations" may have the meaning of "tribes" or refer to the two nations of Israel and Judah in this context.
4tn (2:3) The Hebrew term uvp is the strongest word available for expressing a covenant violation. The word is used in the diplomatic arena to express treaty violation (2 Kgs 1:1; 3:5, 7).
5tn (2:4) Heb "sons."
6tc (2:4) Heb "stern of face and hard of heart." The phrases "stern of face" and "hard of heart" are lacking in the LXX.
7tn (2:4) The phrase "thus says [the LORD]" occurs one hundred twenty-nine times in Ezekiel and the announcement is identical to the way messengers introduced their messages (Gen 32:5; 45:9; Exod 5:10; Num 20:14; Judg 11:15).
8tn (2:5) Heb "they"; the phrase "And as for them" has been used in the translation for clarity.
9tn (2:5) The Hebrew root ldj is used in the same way in 1 Kgs 22:6; Jer 40:4.
10tn (2:5) This Hebrew adjective is also used to describe the Israelites in Num 17:25 and Isa 30:9.
11sn (2:5) The Book of Ezekiel frequently refers to the Israelites as a rebellious house (Ezek 3:9, 26-27; 12:2, 9, 25; 17:12; 24:3; 44:6).
12tn (2:6) The Hebrew term brs occurs only here in the OT.
13tn (2:6) The Hebrew term <ynwls is found elsewhere in the OT only in Ezek 28:24.
sn (2:6) Here thorns may be a figure for hostility (Ezek 28:24; Mic 7:4).
14tn (2:6) Heb "of their faces."
15tn (2:9) Chapter 1 of the Book of Ezekiel closes with the same Hebrew root and form, haraw.
16tn (2:10) Heb "on the face."
17sn (2:10) Written on the front and back. While it was common for papyrus scrolls to have writing on both sides the same was not true for leather scrolls.
1tn (3:1) Heb "eat what you find."
2tn (3:3) Heb "I ate." The early versions read "I ate it," which is certainly the meaning in the context; the direct object ("it") is not expressed in the Hebrew text but is implied.
sn (3:3) I ate it. A similar idea of consuming God's word is found in Jer 15:16; Rev 10:10.
3sn (3:3) The LORD's word is described as sweeter than honey in Ps 19:11; 119:103; Prov 16:24; 24:13.
4tn (3:5) Heb "deep of lip" (in the sense of incomprehensible).
5sn (3:5) Similar language occurs in Exod 4:10; Isa 33:19.
6tn (3:5) The conjunction "but" is not in the Hebrew text, but is implied from the context.
7tn (3:6) Heb "hear."
8tc (3:6) The MT reads "if not" but most ancient versions translate only "if." The expression occurs with this sense in Isa 5:9; 14:24. See also Ezek 34:8; 36:5; 38:19.
9sn (3:7) Moses (Exod 3:19) and Isaiah (Isa 6:9-10) were also told that their messages would not be received.
10sn (3:7) A similar description of Israel's disobedience is given in 1 Sam 8:7.
11tn (3:7) Heb "hard of forehead and stiff of heart."
12tn (3:8) Heb "strong."
13tn (3:9) The Hebrew term rymv ("diamond") is parallel to "iron" in Jer 17:1.
14tn (3:9) Heb "faces."
15tn (3:11) Heb "to the sons of your people."
16sn (3:12) The similar concept of an individual being transported by storm is found in 1 Kgs 18:12; Isa 40:24; 41:16.
17sn (3:12) This refers to the vision of chap. 1.
18tn (3:12) Or "behind me as the glory of the Lord rose from its place--."
19tn (3:14) Heb "was strong."
20sn (3:15) The name "Tel Abib" is a transliteration of an Akkadian term meaning "mound of the flood," i.e., an ancient mound. It is not to be confused with the modern city of Tel Aviv in Israel.
21sn (3:15) A similar response to a divine encounter is found in Acts 9:8-9.
22sn (3:16) This phrase occurs about fifty times in the Book of Ezekiel.
23tn (3:17) The literal role of a watchman is described in 2 Sam 18:24; 2 Kgs 9:17.
24tn (3:18) Heb "the wicked."
25tn (3:18) Or "in."
26tn (3:18) Heb "his blood I will seek from your hand." The expression "seek blood from the hand" is equivalent to requiring the death penalty (2 Sam 4:11-12).
27tn (3:19) Verses 17-19 are repeated in Ezek 33:7-9.
28tn (3:20) The Hebrew term lwvkm refers to an obstacle in the road in Lev 19:14.
29tn (3:21) Heb "the righteous man."
30sn (3:22) Ezekiel had another vision at this location, recounted in Ezek 37.
31sn (3:26) The prophet is told he will be silent except for the speaking of God's oracles to the exiles.
32tn (3:26) Heb "not be a reprover." In Isa 29:21 and Amos 5:10 this individual issued rebuke at the city gate.
33sn (3:27) This phrase seems to indicate that Ezekiel was not continually unable to speak.
34tn (3:27) Heb "open your mouth."
1sn (4:1) Ancient Near Eastern bricks were 10 to 24 inches long and 6 to 13 1/2 inches wide.
2tn (4:1) Or perhaps "draw."
3sn (4:2) The purpose of a siege would be to prevent anyone from escaping.
4tn (4:4) Or "punishment" (also in vv. 5, 6).
5tn (4:5) In Num 14:33-34 days were converted into years.
6sn (4:5) The meaning of the number three hundred ninety is not clear. The number may refer to the length of the division of the northern and southern kingdoms down to the fall of Jerusalem. The best explanation is that "days" are used figuratively for years and the number refers to the years of the sinfulness of Israel during the period of the First Temple.
7sn (4:6) The number forty may refer in general to the period of Judah's exile using the number of years Israel was punished in the wilderness. Alternatively, "forty years" may represent the long reign of Manasseh, the most wicked king of Judah (2 Kgs 21).
8sn (4:7) God's arm was bared against his people in Jer 21:5 and Ezek 20:33 whereas this same expression refers to the LORD coming to their aid in Isa 52:10.
9sn (4:8) The action may refer to a series of daily acts rather than to a continuous period.
10sn (4:9) Wheat, barley, beans, lentils, millet, and spelt. All these foods were common in Mesopotamia where Ezekiel was exiled.
11tn (4:9) Heb "bread."
12tn (4:9) The phrase "you will eat it" occurs at the end of the verse in the Hebrew text.
13sn (4:10) Eight ounces [Heb "twenty shekels"]. The standards for weighing money varied considerably in the ancient Near East, but the generally accepted weight for the shekel is 11.5 grams (0.4 ounce). This makes the weight of grain about 230 grams here, or 8 ounces.
14sn (4:11) A pint and a half [Heb "one-sixth of a hin"]. One-sixth of a hin was a quantity of liquid equal to about 1.3 pints or 0.6 liters.
15tn (4:12) Human waste was to remain outside the camp of the Israelites according to Deut 23:15.
16sn (4:13) Unclean food among the nations. Lands outside of Israel were considered unclean (Josh 22:19; Amos 7:17).
17tn (4:14) The Hebrew term lwgp refers to sacrificial meat not eaten by the appropriate time (Lev 7:18; 19:7).
18tn (4:15) Heb "over them."
19sn (4:16) The staff of bread refers to the practice of carrying bread on sticks.
20tn (4:17) Or "punishment."
sn (4:17) Ezek 4:16-17 alludes to Lev 26:26.
1tn (5:1) The Hebrew word rut occurs only here in the OT.
2sn (5:1) This verse alludes to Isa 7:20.
3tn (5:3) Heb "few in number." The word "strands" has been supplied in the translation for clarification.
4sn (5:3) Objects could be carried in the end of a garment (Hag 2:12).
5sn (5:6) The nations are subject to a natural law according to Gen 9; see also Amos 1:3-2:3; Jonah 1:2.
6sn (5:7) You are more tumultuous than the nations which are around you. Israel is accused of being worse than the nations in Ezek 16:27; 2 Kgs 21:11; Jer 2:11.
7tc (5:7) Some Hebrew MSS and the Syriac omit the words "not even."
8tn (5:7) The Hebrew verb hcu is translated "observed" as well as "carried out" in this verse.
9tn (5:9) Or "abominable idols."
10tn (5:10) The word "their" is not in the Hebrew text, but is supplied in the translation for clarity.
11tn (5:10) Heb "sons" (twice in this verse).
12sn (5:10) This cannibalism is a fulfillment of a covenant law violation (Lev 26:29; see also Deut 28:53; Jer 19:9; Lam 2:20; Zech 11:9).
13sn (5:11) I will mow you down [Heb "I will shear"].This activity of God corresponds to the prophet's sign (5:1).
14sn (5:11) The phrase my eye will not spare you, nor will I have any pity first occurs in Deut 13:9. In Ezekiel the phrase refers to God's resolve to punish his rebellious nation (7:4, 9; 8:18; 9:5, 10).
15sn (5:12) The judgment of plague and famine comes from the covenant curse (Lev 26:25-26).
16sn (5:12) Judgment by plague, famine, and sword occurs in Jer 21:9; 27:13; Ezek 6:11, 12; 7:15.
17tn (5:13) The Hebrew noun translated "jealousy" is used in the human realm to describe suspicion of adultery (Num 5:14ff.; Prov 6:34). Since Israel's relationship with God was often compared to a marriage this term is appropriate here. The term occurs elsewhere in Ezekiel in 8:3, 5; 16:38, 42; 23:25.
18tc (5:15) This reading is supported by the versions and by the Dead Sea Scrolls (11QEzek). Most Masoretic Hebrew MSS read "it will be" (referring to Jerusalem).
19tn (5:15) The Hebrew word hpwdg only occurs here in the OT.
20tn (5:16) The language of this verse may have been influenced by Deut 32:23.
21sn (5:16) Will break your staff of bread. This threat is based on the covenant curse found in Lev 26:26.
22sn (5:17) Will bereave you. This threat recalls the warning of Lev 26:22, 25 and Deut 32:24-25.
1tn (6:2) Heb "set your face against." The expression occurs at the beginning of Ezekiel's prophetic oracles in Ezek 21:2, 7; 25:2; 28:21; 29:2; 35:2; 38:2.
2tn (6:3) The phrase "mountains of Israel" occurs only in the Book of Ezekiel (6:2, 3; 19:9; 33:28; 34:13, 14; 35:12; 36:1, 4, 8; 37:22; 38:8; 39:2, 4, 17). The expression refers to the whole land of Israel.
sn (6:3) The mountainous terrain of Israel would contrast with the exiles' habitat in the river valley of Babylonia.
3tn (6:3) The introductory formula "Hear the word of the Sovereign LORD" parallels a pronouncement delivered by the herald of a king (2 Kgs 18:28).
4tn (6:3) The Hebrew term twmb ("high places") refers to elevated platforms where pagan sacrifices were performed.
5tn (6:4) Thirty-nine of the forty-eight biblical occurrences of the Hebrew word <ylwlg ("idols") are found in the Book of Ezekiel.
6tn (6:6) The Hebrew verb translated "wiped out" is frequently used to describe the judgment of the flood (Gen 6:7; 7:4, 23).
7sn (6:7) The phrase you will know that I am the LORD concludes over sixty oracles in the Book of Ezekiel and indicates the net result of God's action. The phrase is often used in the Book of Exodus (Exod 7:5; 14:4, 18).
8tn (6:9) Heb "whoring" or "promiscuous."
9tn (6:9) Heb adds "in their faces."
10tn (6:10) Heb "this evil." The wording of the last half of v. 10 parallels God's declaration after the sin of the golden calf (Exod 32:14).
11sn (6:11) By the sword and by famine and by pestilence. A similar trilogy of punishments is mentioned in Lev 26:25-26. See also Jer 14:12; 21:9; 27:8, 13; 29:18).
12sn (6:13) By referring to every high hill...at the tops of the mountains...under every green tree and under the oak Ezekiel may be expanding on the phraseology of Deut 12:2 (see 1 Kgs 14:23; 2 Kgs 16:4; 17:10; Jer 2:20; 3:6, 13; 2 Chr 28:4).
13sn (6:14) I will stretch out my hand against them is a common expression in the Book of Ezekiel (14:9, 13; 16:27; 25:7; 35:3).
14tc (6:14) The LXX reads the name as "Riblah," a city north of Damascus. The letters resh (r) and dalet (d) may have been confused in the Hebrew text. The town of Riblah was in the land of Hamath (2 Kgs 23:33) which represented the northern border of Israel (Ezek 47:14).
1tn (7:2) The use of the Hebrew word Jq in this context of judgment is reminiscent of the use of the term in announcing the judgment of the flood (Gen 6:13). It denotes "annihilation."
2tn (7:2) Elsewhere the expression "four corners of the earth" figuratively refers to the whole earth (Isa 11:12).
3tn (7:3) Or "punish" (cf. BDB 1047).
4tn (7:4) The pronoun "you" is not in the Hebrew text, but is implied.
5tn (7:5) The Hebrew term hur is normally translated "evil" (see Ezek 6:10; 14:22).
6tc (7:5) So most Hebrew MSS; some Hebrew MSS and Syriac read "disaster after disaster."
7tn (7:6) Or "is coming."
8sn (7:7) The day refers to the day of the Lord, a concept which, beginning in Amos 5:18-20, became a common theme in the OT prophetic books.
9tn (7:8) Heb "wrath." The expression "to pour out wrath" occurs in Ezek 9:8; 14:19; 20:8, 13, 21; 22:31; 30:15; 36:18.
10tn (7:9) Heb "give."
11tn (7:10) Or "arrogance."
12tn (7:11) Heb "the violence."
13tn (7:11) The Hebrew word hn occurs only here in the OT.
14tn (7:12) Heb "her multitude."
15tn (7:13) Heb "her multitude."
16tn (7:13) Or "because of his iniquity."
17tn (7:14) Heb "her multitude."
18tn (7:17) Heb "their knees will run with water." The expression probably refers to urination caused by fright.
19tn (7:19) The Hebrew term hdn refers to menstrual impurity. The term also occurs at the end of v. 20.
20tn (7:19) The "stumbling block of their iniquity" is a unique phrase of the prophet Ezekiel (Ezek 14:3, 4, 7; 18:30; 44:12).
21sn (7:20) Their beautiful ornament refers either to the temple, or to silver or gold jewelry.
22tn (7:20) Heb "it."
23tn (7:22) Heb "surround."
24sn (7:22) My treasured place refers either to the temple, the city of Jerusalem, or the land of Israel.
25tn (7:23) The Hebrew word qwtr occurs only here in the OT.
26tn (7:23) Heb "judgment of bloodshed."
27sn (7:24) They will take possession of their houses. This curse was included in the Mosaic law for disobedience (Lev 26:32).
28tn (7:25) The Hebrew word hdpq occurs only here in the OT.
1sn (8:1) In the sixth year, in the sixth month, on the fifth of the month would be September 17, 592 B.C., about fourteen months after the initial vision.
2tc (8:2) The MT reads "fire" rather than "man," the reading of the LXX. The nouns are very similar in form as the term "man" has an extra vowel.
3tn (8:2) The phrase occurs in Ezek 1:4, 27.
4tn (8:3) The Hebrew term tynbt is normally used as an architectural term in describing the tabernacle or temple (see Exod 25:8; 1 Chr 28:11).
5tn (8:3) Heb "head."
6tn (8:3) Or "image."
7tn (8:5) Heb "way of."
8tn (8:6) Heb "house."
9sn (8:10) These engravings were prohibited in the Mosaic law (Deut 4:17-18).
10sn (8:11) Note the contrast of these seventy men who represented Israel to the seventy elders who ate the covenant meal before God inaugurating the covenant relationship (Exod 24:1, 9).
11tn (8:11) The Hebrew word rtu occurs only here in the OT.
12sn (8:11) The cloud of incense played a prominent role in screening the high priest on the Day of Atonement (Lev 16:13). Here it has become part of pagan ritual.
13tn (8:12) This Hebrew word for an image (tykcm) is explicitly prohibited in the Mosaic law (Lev 26:1).
14sn (8:14) The worship of Tammuz included the observation of the annual death and descent into the netherworld of the god Dumuzi. The practice was observed by women in the ancient Near East over a period of centuries.
15sn (8:16) The priests prayed to God between the porch and the altar on fast days (Joel 2:17). This is the location where Zechariah was murdered (Matt 23:35).
16tc (8:16) The LXX reads "twenty" instead of twenty-five, perhaps because of the association of the number twenty with the Mesopotamian sun god Shamash.
17sn (8:16) The temple faced east.
18sn (8:16) The worship of astral entities may have begun during the reign of Manasseh (2 Kgs 21:5).
19tn (8:17) It is not clear what the practice of "holding a branch to the nose" indicates. A possible parallel is the Syrian relief of a king holding a flower to his nose as he worships the stars (ANEP 281).
20tn (8:18) This is the same Hebrew word translated "commit" in this chapter.
1tn (9:1) Heb "ears."
2sn (9:2) The six men plus the scribe would equal seven, which was believed by the Babylonians to be the number of planetary deities.
3sn (9:2) The upper gate was the gate built by Jotham (2 Kgs 15:35).
4tn (9:2) Or "a scribe's inkhorn." The Hebrew term tsq occurs in the OT only in Ezek 9 and is believed to be an Egyptian loanword.
5tn (9:3) Heb "house."
6tn (9:4) The word "mark" is the spelling of the Hebrew letter wt (tav). Outside this context the only other occurrence of the word is in Job 31:35. In Paleohebrew script this letter was written like the letter X.
sn (9:4) For a similar concept in the Bible, see Rev 7:2-4; 13:16; 14:9, 11; 20:4; 22:4.
7tn (9:5) Heb "ears."
8tn (9:5) Heb "do not let your eye pity and do not spare."
9tn (9:6) Heb "the house" (also in the following verse).
sn (9:6) Killing the elders which were at the front of the temple would cause it to be desecrated (2 Kgs 23:15-16, 20).
10tn (9:9) Or "lawlessness" (NAB); "perversity" (NRSV). The Hebrew word hfm occurs only here in the OT, and its meaning is uncertain.
11sn (9:9) The saying is virtually identical to the elders in Ezek 8:12.
12sn (9:10) The same expression occurs in 1 Kgs 8:32; Ezek 11:21; 16:43; 22:31.
1tn (10:2) Heb "and he"; the referent (the LORD) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
2tn (10:2) The Hebrew term often refers to chariot wheels (Isa 28:28; Ezek 23:24; 26:10).
3tn (10:2) The Hebrew term is singular here.
4tn (10:2) The pronoun "them" is not in the Hebrew text but is implied from the context.
5tn (10:3) Heb "right side."
6tn (10:5) The name yD^v^ la@ (a@l v^DD^y, "El Shaddai") has often been translated "God Almighty," primarily because Jerome translated it omnipotens ("all powerful") in the Latin Vulgate. There has been much debate over the meaning of the name. For discussion see W. F. Albright, "The Names Shaddai and Abram," JBL 54 (1935): 173-210; R. Gordis, "The Biblical Root sdy-sd," JTS 41 (1940): 34-43; and especially T. N. D. Mettinger, In Search of God, 69-72.
7tn (10:6) Heb "he"; the referent (the LORD) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
8tn (10:6) Heb "he"; the referent (the man dressed in linen) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
9tn (10:7) The Hebrew text adds, "from among the cherubim."
10tn (10:9) Or "beryl"; Heb "Tarshish stone."
11tn (10:10) Or "like a wheel at right angles to another wheel."
12tn (10:11) Heb "they"; the referent (the cherubim) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
13tn (10:11) Many interpreters assume that the human face of each cherub was the one that looked forward.
14tn (10:12) Heb "flesh."
15tn (10:13) Or "the whirling wheels."
16tn (10:14) Heb "each one"; the referent (the cherubim) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
17sn (10:14) The living creature described here is thus slightly different from the one described in Ezek 1:10, where a bull's face appeared instead of a cherub's.
18tn (10:15) Heb "living creature."
19tn (10:17) Heb "they"; the referent (the cherubim) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
20tn (10:17) Heb "they"; the referent (the wheels) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
21tn (10:17) Heb "they"; the referent (the wheels) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
22tn (10:17) Heb "living creature."
23tn (10:17) Heb "them"; the referent (the wheels) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
1tn (11:1) Heb "house."
2sn (11:1) The phrase officials of the people occurs in Neh 11:1; 1 Chr 21:2; 2 Chr 24:23.
3tn (11:2) Heb "and he"; the referent (the LORD) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
4tn (11:3) The Hebrew verb rma may mean "think" in this context, similar to the Akkadian cognate amiáru.
5sn (11:3) The expression build houses may mean "establishing families" (Deut 25:9; Ruth 4:11; Prov 24:27).
6sn (11:3) The city is a reference to Jerusalem.
7sn (11:3) Jerusalem is also compared to a pot in Ezek 24:3-8. The siege of the city is pictured as heating up the pot.
8tn (11:5) The Hebrew verb rma normally means "to say" (see also Ezek 11:3 and the note there on the word "say").
9tc (11:7) Many of the versions read "I will bring you out" (active) rather than "you will be brought out" (passive).
10sn (11:11) This city refers to Jerusalem.
11tc (11:15) The MT reads "your redemption-men" (referring to the relatives responsible for deliverance in times of hardship [see Lev 25:25-55]). LXX and Syriac read "your fellow exiles."
12tn (11:16) The Hebrew term fum may be understood as an adjective, "a little sanctuary."
13tc (11:19) The MT reads "you"; many Hebrew MSS along with the LXX and other versions read "within them."
14tn (11:19) Heb "their flesh."
15sn (11:20) The expression They will be my people, and I will be their God occurs as a promise to Abraham (Gen 17:8), Moses (Exod 6:7), and the nation (Exod 29:45).
16tn (11:23) Heb "stood."
17tn (11:24) Heb "to Chaldea."
18tn (11:24) Heb "appearance."
1tn (12:2) Heb "house" (twice in this verse).
2sn (12:2) This verse is very similar to Isa 6:9-10.
3tn (12:6) Apart from this context the Hebrew term hflu occurs only in Gen 15:17 in reference to the darkness after sunset.
4sn (12:6) See also Ezek 12:11, 24:27, 27.
5tn (12:7) The words "my baggage" are not in the Hebrew text, but are implied from the context.
6tn (12:9) Heb "house."
7tn (12:10) Heb "this burden."
8sn (12:10) The prince in Jerusalem refers to King Zedekiah.
9sn (12:12) The prince is a reference to Zedekiah.
10tn (12:12) The words "his belongings" are not in the Hebrew text but are implied.
11tc (12:12) So MT; LXX and Syriac read "he."
12tn (12:13) Or "Babylonians."
13sn (12:13) He will not see it. This prediction was fulfilled in 2 Kgs 25:7, which recounts how Zedekiah was blinded before being deported to Babylon.
14sn (12:13) There he will die. This was fulfilled when King Zedekiah died in exile (Jer 52:11).
15tn (12:18) The Hebrew term vur normally refers to an earthquake (see 1 Kgs 19:11; Amos 1:1).
16tn (12:23) The Hebrew verb ytbvh is an example of a prophetic perfect.
17tn (12:23) Heb "word."
18tn (12:24) Heb "house."
19tn (12:25) Heb "house."
1sn (13:2) Who prophecy from their own imagination. Note the testimony of Moses in Num 16:28, which contains a similar expression.
2tn (13:3) The Hebrew root lbn is used in other contexts to describe sexual sins (Gen 34:7; Deut 22:21; Judg 19:23; 20:6; 2 Sam 13:12; Jer 29:23) or criminal transgression (Josh 7:15).
3sn (13:6) The same description of a false prophet is found in Micah 2:11.
4sn (13:6) The LORD has not sent them. A similar concept is found in Jer 14:14; 23:21.
5tn (13:9) The Hebrew term dws may refer to the secret counsel of the LORD (Jer 23:18; Job 15:8) or of deliberation by humans (Gen 49:6; Jer 6:11; 15:17 Ps 64:3; 111:1).
6tn (13:9) The reference here is probably to a civil list (as in Ezra 2:16; Neh 7:64) rather than to a "book of life" (Exod 32:32; Isa 4:3; Ps 69:29; Dan 12:1). This registry may have been established at the making of David's census (2 Sam 24:2, 9).
7tn (13:11) Heb "and you, O hailstones."
8sn (13:11) A violent wind will break out. God's judgments are frequently described in storm imagery (Ps 18:7-15; 77:17-18; 83:15; Isa 28:17; 30:30; Jer 23:19; 30:23).
9tn (13:14) Or "within it," referring to the city of Jerusalem.
10tn (13:18) The wristbands mentioned here probably represented magic amulets or charms.
11tn (13:19) Heb "human lives" or "souls."
12tn (13:21) Heb "from your hands." This is a metonymy for power over someone.
13tn (13:23) The Hebrew verb is feminine plural, indicating that it is the false prophetesses who are addressed here.
1tn (14:3) This phrase is unique to the prophet Ezekiel.
2tn (14:3) The Hebrew word vrd ("to seek") is used in a technical sense of seeking an oracle from a prophet (2 Kgs 1:16; 3:11; 8:8).
3tn (14:6) Heb "turn away from."
4tn (14:6) Heb "turn away your faces."
5tn (14:8) Heb "proverbs."
6tn (14:10) Heb "iniquity" (three times in this verse).
7sn (14:11) I will be their God. See Exod 6:7; Lev 26:12; Jer 7:23; 11:4
8tn (14:13) This is the only passage in the OT where acting faithlessly against the LORD is carried out by a non-Israelite land.
9tn (14:21) Heb "evil."
1tn (15:2) Most modern translations take the statement as a comparison but in doing so they ignore the significance of the occurrence of the Hebrew verb hyhy, translated here "will happen."
sn (15:2) Comparing Israel to the wood of the vine may focus on Israel's inferiority to the other nations. For the vine imagery in relation to Israel and the people of God, see Ps 80:8-13; John 15:1-7; Rom 11:17-22.
2tn (15:6) The words "to destruction" are not in the Hebrew text, but are implied.
3sn (15:7) This escape refers to the exile of Ezekiel and others in 597 B.C. (Ezek 1:2; 2 Kgs 24:10-16).
4sn (15:7) This fire, which stands in the future from the time of its announcement, occurred in 587 B.C.
1sn (16:4) Arab midwives still cut the navel cords of infants and then proceed to apply salt and oil to their bodies.
2tn (16:5) Heb "face of."
3sn (16:5) A similar concept is found in Deut 32:10.
4tn (16:7) The fine adornments in this context may be defined as breasts and growth of bodily hair.
5tn (16:8) See similar use of (<ydd) in Ezek 23:17; Prov 7:16; Song of Songs 4:10; 7:13.
6tn (16:8) Heb "wing." The gesture symbolized acquiring a woman in early Arabia (similarly, see Deut 22:30; Ruth 3:9).
7tn (16:14) Heb "name."
8tn (16:17) Or perhaps "and worshiped them," if the word "prostitution" is understood in a figurative rather than a literal sense.
9sn (16:20) The sacrifice of children was prohibited in Lev 18:21; 20:2; Deut 12:31; 18:10.
10tn (16:21) Some believe this alludes to the pagan practice of making children pass through the fire.
11tn (16:25) The only other occurrence of the Hebrew root (qcp) is found in Prov 13:3 in reference to the talkative person who habitually "opens wide" his lips.
12tn (16:31) The Hebrew term (/nta) which also occurs in verses 34 and 41 of this chapter always refers to the payment of a prostitute (Deut 23:19; Isa 23:17; Hos 9:1; Mic 1:7).
13tn (16:33) The Hebrew word (hdn) occurs only here in the OT.
14tn (16:36) The Hebrew word (tvjn) occurs only here in the OT.
15sn (16:37) Harlots suffered degradation when their nakedness was exposed (Jer 13:22, 26; Hos 2:12; Nah 3:5).
16tn (16:46) Heb "left."
17tn (16:46) The word "sister" is not in the Hebrew text but is required from the context.
18tn (16:46) Heb "right."
19sn (16:46) Sodom was the epitome of evil (Deut 29:23; 32:32; Isa 1:9-10; 3:9; Jer 23:14; Lam 4:6; Matt 10:15; 11:23-24; Jude 7).
20tn (16:47) The Hebrew expression (fumk) has a temporal meaning as illustrated by the use of the phrase in 2 Chr 12:7.
21tn (16:48) Heb "have not done."
22tn (16:49) Or "guilt."
23tn (16:49) Heb "strengthen the hand of."
24tc (16:57) So MT, LXX, and Vulgate; many Hebrew MSS and Syriac read "Edom."
1sn (17:2) The verb(dwj) occurs elsewhere in the OT only in Judg 14:12-19 where Samson supplies a riddle.
2tn (17:3) The parable assumes the defection of Zedekiah to Egypt and his rejection of Babylon lordship.
3sn (17:3) The great eagle is a figurative reference to Nebuchadnezzar (17:12).
4sn (17:3) In the parable Lebanon apparently refers to Jerusalem (17:12).
5tn (17:4) Hebrew (hqyny) occurs only here in the OT.
6sn (17:5) The seed refers to Zedekiah.
7tn (17:5) Heb "a field of seed."
8sn (17:7) The phrase another great eagle refers to Pharaoh Psammetichus.
9tn (17:9) The Hebrew root (ssq) occurs only here in the OT and appears to have the meaning of "strip off." In application to fruit the meaning may refer to "rotting."
10sn (17:12) The narrative description of this interpretation of the riddle is given in 2 Kgs 24:11-15.
11tn (17:13) Heb "caused him to enter into an oath."
12tn (17:15) Heb "him"; the referent (the king of Babylon) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
13tn (17:16) Heb "place."
14tn (17:17) Heb "deal with" or "work with."
15sn (17:18) "Giving one's hand" is a gesture of promise (2 Kgs 10:15).
16tc (17:21) Some versions read "choice men."
17sn (17:22) The language is analogous to Messianic imagery in Isa 11:1; Zech 3:8; 6:4 although the technical terminology is not the same.
1sn (18:2) Similar statements are found in Deut 24:16 and Jer 31:29-30.
2tn (18:3) This expression occurs often in Ezekiel (5:11; 14:16, 18, 20; 16:48; 17:16, 19; 20:3, 31, 33; 33:11, 27; 34:8; 35:6, 11).
3tn (18:6) The mountains are often mentioned as the place where idolatrous sacrifices were eaten (Ezek 20:28; 34:6).
4tn (18:6) Lifting up eyes with a view of looking to the idols for help.
5tn (18:6) "Draw near" (brq) is a euphemism for sexual intercourse (Lev 18:14; Deut 22:14; Isa 8:3).
6sn (18:7) The root (lbj) occurs in Exod 22:25 in reference to restoring a man's garment as a pledge before nightfall.
7tn (18:7) Hebrew (hlzg) is seizure of property, usually by the rich (Isa 3:14; 10:2; Mic 2:2 [see Lev 5:21, 22]).
8sn (18:8) This law was given in Lev 25:36.
9tn (18:10) Heb "begets."
10tn (18:11) The parenthetical note refers back to the father.
11sn (18:12) The poor and needy are often found together in the OT (Deut 24:14; Jer 22:16; Ezek 14:69; Ps 12:6; 35:10; 37:14)
12tn (18:13) Heb "his blood will be upon him."
13tc (18:17) This translation follows the LXX. The MT reads "restrained his hand from the poor," confusing Hebrew lwu with ynu.
14tn (18:19) Heb "bear."
15tn (18:20) Heb "bear."
16tn (18:20) Heb "bear."
17tn (18:24) Heb "because of them he will die."
18tn (18:26) Heb "for them" or "because of them."
19tn (18:28) Heb "he saw."
20tn (18:30) The verbs and persons in this verse are plural whereas the individual has been the subject of the chapter.
21sn (18:31) In Ezek 11:19, 36:26 the new heart and new spirit are promised as future blessings.
22tn (18:32) Heb "the death of the one dying."
1sn (19:2) Lions probably refer to Judahite royalty and/or nobility.
2tn (19:3) Heb "a man." Gen 49:9 seems to be the background for Judah being compared to lions.
3sn (19:4) The description applies to king Johoahaz (2 Kgs 23:31-34; Jer 22:10-12).
4sn (19:5) The reference is probably to king Zedekiah.
5tn (19:7) Hebrew reads "knew," reading (udyw) instead of (uryw).
6tn (19:7) Hebrew reads "widows" instead of "strongholds." The idea might be: "he raped their widows."
7tc (19:10) Most Hebrew MSS read "blood" for "vineyard."
8tn (19:11) The word "fit" does not occur in the Hebrew text.
9tn (19:14) The verse describes the similar situation recorded in Judg 9:20.
1sn (20:1) The date would be August 14th, 571 B.C. The seventh year is the seventh year of Jehoiachin's exile.
2tn (20:1) Heb "men from the elders."
3sn (20:3) God refuses to be available to sinners in Ezek 7:27.
4tn (20:5) Heb "I lifted up my hand."
5tn (20:5) Heb "seed."
6tn (20:5) Heb "I lifted up my hand."
7tn (20:6) Heb "I swore to them."
8tn (20:6) Hebrew (rwt) is used to describe the activity of the spies in "spying out" the land of Canaan (Num 13-14).
9sn (20:6) The phrase "a land flowing with milk and honey" occurs in Exod 3:8, 17; 13:5; 33:3; Lev 20:24; Num 13:27; Deut 6:3; 11:9; 26:9; 27:3; Josh 5:6; Jer 11:5; 32:23 (see also Deut 1:25; 8:7-9).
10tn (20:7) Heb "of his eyes." Josh 24:14 also mentions that the Israelites had worshiped foreign gods.
11sn (20:11) The laws were given at Mount Sinai.
12tn (20:11) The wording and the concept is contained in Lev 18:5 and Deut 30:15-19.
13sn (20:12) Ezekiel's contemporary, Jeremiah, also stressed the single importance of obedience to the sabbath law (Jer 17).
14tn (20:12) The last phrase of verse 12 appears to be a citation of Exod 31:13.
15tn (20:17) Heb "my eye pitied."
16tn (20:21) Heb "said." The Akkadian cognate amaru does mean "to think."
17tn (20:22) Heb "drew my hand back." This idiom also occurs in Lam 2:8 and Ps 74:11.
18sn (20:23) Ps 106:27 also seems to speak of God's oath to exile the people before they had entered Canaan.
19tn (20:24) Heb "their eyes went after."
20sn (20:26) This act is proscribed in Deut 12:29-31.; Jer 7:31; 19:5; 32:35; see also 2 Kgs 21:6; 23:10. This custom indicates that the laws the Israelites were following were the disastrous laws of pagan nations (see Ezek 16:20-21). This act of God is conceptually parallel to the hardening of Pharaoh's heart as well as the instruction to Isaiah in Isa 6:9-10.
21sn (20:26) God's activity toward rebellious Israel is reminiscent of Rom 1:24-28.
22tn (20:29) The Hebrew word (hmb) means "high place."
23tn (20:32) The Hebrew could also read: "Let us be."
24sn (20:32) This verse echoes the content of 1 Sam 8:20.
25tn (20:33) Phrase occurs frequently in Deuteronomy (Deut 4:34; 5:15; 7:19; 11:2; 26:8).
26tn (20:37) This is the same root used to describe the passing of the children into the fire.
sn (20:37) The metaphor may be based in Lev 27:32 (see also Jer 33:13; Matt 25:32-33).
27tn (20:38) The words "I promised you" are supplied from context.
28sn (20:39) A similar concept may be found in Lev 18:21; 20:3.
29tn (20:40) Heb "all of her."
30tn (20:43) Heb "loathe yourselves in your faces."
31sn (21:1) Beginning with 20:45, the verse numbers through 21:32 in the English Bible differ by five from the verse numbers in the Hebrew text (BHS), with 20:45 ET = 21:1 HT, 20:46 ET = 21:2 HT, 21:1 ET = 21:6 HT etc., through 21:32 ET = 21:37 HT. Beginning with 22:1 the verse numbers in the English Bible and the Hebrew Bible are again the same.
32tn (20:46) Heb "set your face toward." This expression occurred earlier in Ezek 6:2; 13:17.
33tn (20:46) The two words translated "south" in this verse are two different Hebrew words.
34tn (20:47) Fire for judgment occurred in Ezek 15:4-7; 19:12, 14.
35tn (20:48) Heb "all flesh."
1sn (21:6) Ezek 21:1 in the English Bible is 21:6 in the Hebrew text (BHS). See the note at 20:45.
2tn (21:2) Heb "set your face toward."
3tn (21:3) Heb "the land of Israel."
4sn (21:3) For the sword of judgment, see Isa 31:8; 34:6; 66:16.
5tn (21:4) Heb "all flesh" (also in the following verse).
6tn (21:6) Heb "breaking loins."
7tn (21:7) This expression may be a euphemistic way of expressing urination due to fear.
8tn (21:13) Or "scepter."
9tn (21:16) Heb "face."
10tn (21:17) Heb "cause to rest."
11tn (21:21) Heb "mother."
12tn (21:21) This word first occurs in Gen 31:19.
13tn (21:21) Heb "sees."
14sn (21:21) Observing the liver to detect the future was a common Babylonian practice.
15tn (21:22) Heb "open the mouth" for slaughter.
16tn (21:25) Probably a reference to King Zedekiah.
17tn (21:26) Elsewhere in the Bible the turban is worn by priests (Exod 28:4, 37, 39; 29:6; 39:28, 31; Lev 8:9; 16:4).
18tn (21:26) Heb "This not this."
19tn (21:27) This phrase appears to be based on Gen 49:10 and can be understood as a messianic reference.
1tn (22:2) The phrase "bloody city" is used on Nineveh in Nah 3:1.
2tn (22:4) Heb "days."
3tn (22:5) Heb "unclean of name."
4tn (22:6) Heb "arm."
5tn (22:7) Heb "are treated lightly."
6tn (22:7) Widows and orphans are often coupled together in the OT (Deut 14:29; 16:11, 14; 24:19-21; 26:12-13; Jer 7:6; 22:3).
7sn (22:11) For the legal discussion of these laws, see Lev 18:7-20; 20:10-21; Deut 22:22-23, 30; 27:22.
8sn (22:12) Forgetting the Lord is also addressed in Deut 6:12; 8:11, 14; Jer 3:21; 13:25; Ezek 23:35; Hos 2:15; 8:14; 13:6.
9tn (22:13) Heb "the blood which was in you."
10tn (22:14) Heb "stand."
11tn (22:18) For similar imagery, see Isa 1:21-26; Jer 6:27-30.
12tn (22:20) Heb "in it"; the referent (the city of Jerusalem) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
13tn (22:25) Heb "in her midst."
14tn (22:28) The expression may be based on Ezek 13:2-16.
15tn (22:30) Heb "I did not find."
16tn (22:31) Heb "I have given."
1tn (23:4) The names Oholah and Oholibah are both built on the word (lha) "tent." The meaning of Oholah is "her tent," while Oholibah means "my tent is in her."
2tn (23:4) Heb "their names."
3tn (23:5) Heb "while she was under me."
sn (23:5) Played the harlot refers to alliances with pagan nations in this context. In Ezek 16 harlotry described the sin of idolatry.
4tn (23:7) Heb "sons of Assyria."
5tn (23:8) Heb "harlotries."
6tn (23:10) Heb "name."
7tn (23:11) The word "this" is not in the original text.
8tn (23:14) The only other occurrence of the Hebrew term (rvv) occurs in Jer 22:14.
9tn (23:15) Heb "the sons of Babel."
10tn (23:16) Heb "at the appearance of her eyes."
11sn (23:16) The Chaldeans were prominent tribal groups of Babylonia. The imagery is reminiscent of events in Hezekiah's (2 Kgs 20:12-15) and Jehoiakim's reigns (2 Kgs 23:34-24:1).
12tn (23:17) Heb "harlotries."
13tn (23:17) Heb "her soul."
14tn (23:18) Heb "my soul."
15tn (23:18) Heb "my soul."
16tn (23:24) This is the only occurrence of this term in the OT.
17tn (23:24) Heb "an assembly of peoples."
18tn (23:25) Heb "give."
19sn (23:25) This method of punishment is attested among ancient Egyptian and Hittite civilizations.
20tn (23:29) The Hebrew term (uygy) means "toil, product."
21sn (23:31) For the cup of strong drink, see Jer 25:15, 17, 28; Hab 2:16. The cup of wrath is a theme also found in the NT (Mark 14:36).
22tn (23:34) The severe action is more serious than beating the breasts in anguish (Isa 32:12; Nah 2:7).
23tn (23:35) The word "punishment" is not in the Hebrew text but is demanded by the context.
24tn (23:37) The verb (rbu) is commonly taken to refer to passing children through fire, especially as an offering to the pagan god Molech.
25tn (23:42) An alternate reading is "drunkards." Sheba is located in the area of modern day Yemen.
26tn (23:46) Heb "assembly."
1tn (24:1) The date would be January 15, 588 B.C.
2tn (24:2) Heb "lean on, put pressure on."
3sn (24:3) See Ezek 11:3-12.
4tn (24:7) Heb "it"; the referent has been specified in the translation for clarity.
5tn (24:12) The Hebrew term (<ynat) occurs only here in the OT.
6tn (24:14) Heb "it"; the referent has been specified in the translation for clarity.
7tc (24:14) Thus many Hebrew MSS. Most Hebrew MSS read "they" will judge.
8sn (24:17) The turban would normally be removed for mourning (Josh 7:6; 1 Sam 4:12).
9tn (24:17) Heb "the bread of men."
10tn (24:26) Heb "to make the ears hear."
1sn (25:1) This phrase introduces the seven oracles against foreign nations in Ezekiel.
2tn (25:2) Heb "set your face toward."
3sn (25:2) Ammon was directly east of Israel.
4tn (25:4) Heb "for a possession."
5tn (25:5) Heb "the sons."
6tc (25:7) The translation follows the Qere reading here.
7sn (25:8) Moab was located immediately south of Ammon.
8tn (25:9) Heb "shoulder."
9tn (25:9) Heb "from its end."
10tn (25:10) Heb "the sons of Ammon" (twice in this verse).
11sn (25:12) Edom was located south of Moab.
12sn (25:12) Edom apparently in some way assisted in the destruction of Jerusalem in 587/6 B.C. (Ps 137:7; Lam 5:21, 23; Joel 3:19; Obadiah).
13sn (25:15) The Philistines inhabited the coastal plain by the Mediterranean Sea, west of Judah.
14tn (25:15) The object is not specified in the Hebrew text, but has been clarified as "Judah" in the translation.
15sn (25:15) Joel 3:4-8 also speaks of the Philistines taking advantage of the fall of Judah.
1sn (26:1) April 23, 587 B.C.
2sn (26:2) Tyre is the capital of modern day Lebanon.
3sn (26:2) Tyre played a central role in international trade.
4tn (26:7) Heb "Nebuchadrezzar," a variant spelling of Nebuchadnezzar.
5tn (26:9) Heb "swords."
6tn (26:12) Heb "set."
7sn (26:14) This prophecy was fulfilled by Alexander the Great in 332 B.C.
8tn (26:18) Heb "from your going out."
9tn (26:19) The Hebrew word (<wht) first occurred in Gen 1:2.
1tn (27:3) Heb "entrances." The plural noun may reflect the fact that Tyre had two main harbors.
2sn (27:3) Rome, another economic power, is described in a similar way in Rev 17:1.
3tn (27:4) The city of Tyre known as a principle harbor city is described in the following account in the terms of merchant ship.
4tn (27:5) Heb "built."
5sn (27:7) Probably a reference to Cyprus.
6sn (27:8) Sidon and Arvad, like Tyre were Phoenician coastal cities.
7sn (27:9) Another Phoenician coastal city located between Sidon and Arvad.
8sn (27:10) See Gen 10:22.
9tn (27:11) The meaning of Hebrew (flv) is uncertain.
10sn (27:12) Commonly believed to be located in southern Spain.
11tc (27:16) Some Hebrew MSS and the Syriac version read "Edom." This alternate reading is supported from the context as the text deals with Damascus, the capital of Syria (Aram) in verse 18.
12sn (27:17) The location is mentioned in Judg 11:33.
13sn (27:19) See Gen 10:27.
14tn (27:24) The term Hebrew (Jtlkrm) occurs only here in the OT.
15tn (27:27) Heb "your repairers of breaches."
16tn (27:30) Note a similar expression to "roll in the ashes" in Mic 1:10.
1tn (28:2) Heb "lifted up."
sn (28:2) See Prov 16:5.
2tn (28:3) The MT may be translated Danel.
3tn (28:5) Heb "wisdom."
4sn (28:7) The strangers are probably a reference to the Babylonians.
5tc (28:14) The Greek and Syriac versions read "I placed you with the anointed cherub."
6tn (28:14) The meaning of this phrase in Hebrew is uncertain. The word translated here "guards" occurs in Exod 25:20 in reference to the cherubim "covering" the ark.
7tn (28:16) Heb "they filled your midst with violence."
8sn (28:21) Sidon was located 25 miles north of Tyre.
9tn (28:23) Heb "it"; the referent has been specified in the translation for clarity.
10sn (28:24) Similar language is used in reference to Israel's adversaries in Num 33:55; Josh 23:13.
11sn (28:26) This promise was given in Lev 25:18-19.
1tn (29:1) January 7, 587 B.C.
2tn (29:2) The Egyptian word "Pharaoh" means "great house."
3tn (29:3) The Hebrew term (/ynt) is parallel to a serpent in Deut 32:33 and Psa 91:13. It is often translated "crocodile."
4tc (29:5) The translation "buried" is supported by some Hebrew MSS, the Targum and possibly the LXX. The Masoretic Text reads "gathered."
5tn (29:7) Or perhaps "dislocated."
6sn (29:7) In 2 Kgs 18:21 and Isa 36:6 trusting in the Pharaoh is compared to leaning on a staff. The oracle may reflect Hophra's attempt to aid Jerusalem (Jer 37:5-8).
7sn (29:8) A covenant curse, see Lev 26:25.
8sn (29:10) This location may refer to a location in the Egyptian Delta area which served as a refuge for Jews (Jer 44:1; 46:14).
9sn (29:10) Syene is known today as Aswan.
10sn (29:13) In Ezek 4:4-8 it was said that the house of Judah would suffer forty years.
11tc (29:14) Thus the Masoretic Text. The LXX, Peshitta, and Vulgate translate as though the Hebrew read "inhabit."
12sn (29:17) April 26, 571 B.C.
13tn (29:18) Heb "Nebuchadrezzar, a variant spelling of Nebuchadnezzar (also in v. 19).
14sn (29:18) Nebuchadnezzar besieged Tyre from 586 to 571 B.C.
15tn (29:20) Heb "for which he worked," referring to the assault on Tyre (v. 18).
16tn (29:21) The horn is used as a figure for power in the OT (Ps 92:11 [10].
sn (29:21) A similar expression is made in reference to the Davidic dynasty in Ps 132:17.
1sn (30:3) The expression "day of clouds" occurs also in Joel 2:2 and Zeph 1:15. The expression recalls the appearance of God at Mount Sinai (Exod 19:9, 16, 18).
2tn (30:5) Heb "sons."
3tn (30:5) The expression "sons of the covenant land" possibly refers to Jews living in Egypt (Jer 44).
4sn (30:6) Syene is known as Aswan today.
5tn (30:10) Heb "Nebuchadrezzar," a variant spelling of Nebuchadnezzar.
6tn (30:11) The Babylonians were known for their cruelty (2 Kgs 25:7).
7tn (30:17) The word to go is feminine plural, thus the feminine noun city is supplied in the translation.
8sn (30:18) In Zeph 1:15 darkness is associated with the day of the LORD.
9tn (30:20) April 29, 587 B.C.
10sn (30:21) The expression "breaking the arm" indicates the removal of power (Ps 10:15; 37:17; Job 38:15; Jer 48:25).
11sn (30:21) This may refer to the event recorded in Jer 37:5.
12tn (30:24) Heb "him"; the referent has been specified in the translation for clarity.
1sn (31:1) This was June 21, 587 B.C.
2sn (31:3) Lebanon was know for its cedar trees (Judg 9:15; 1 Kgs 4:33; 5:6; 2 Kgs 14:9; Ezra 3:7; Ps 29:5; 92:12; 104:16).
3tn (31:5) Heb "when it sends forth." Different vowels with the consonants of the Masoretic text would render the proposed reading "shoots."
4tn (31:8) Or "cypress trees."
5tn (31:14) Heb "the sons of men."
6sn (31:16) For the expression "going down to the pit," see Ezek 26:20; 32:18, 24, 29.
7tn (31:17) Heb "its arm."
1sn (32:1) This was March 3, 585 B.C.
2tn (32:2) The lion was a figure of royalty (Ezek 19:1-9).
3tn (32:3) The expression "spread my net" is common in Ezekiel (12:13; 17:20; 19:8).
4tc (32:5) Thus Symmachus, Syriac, and Vulgate. Hebrew (twmr) would be translated "your height."
5sn (32:7) For similar features of cosmic eschatology, see Joel 2:10; 4:15; Amos 5:18-20; Zeph 1:5.
6sn (32:11) The king of Babylon referred to here was Nebuchadnezzar (Ezek 21:19).
7tn (32:14) Hebrew (uqv) literally means "to sink."
8tn (32:17) This was March 17, 585 B.C. The LXX adds "first month."
9tn (32:18) The Hebrew verb(hhn) is used as a response to death (Jer 9:17-19; Amos 5:16).
10tn (32:19) Heb "pleasantness."
11tn (32:23) The only other occurrence of the phrase "uttermost parts of the pit" occurs in Isa 14:15.
12tc (32:27) The LXX reads "from of old" instead of "of the circumcised." The phrases are very similar in spelling.
1tn (33:3) The trumpet served the function of warning the people in Neh 4:18-20; Jer 4:19; Amos 3:6.
2sn (33:7) Jeremiah (Jer 6:17) and Habakkuk (Hab 2:1) also served in the role of a watchman.
3tn (33:8) The same expression occurs in Gen 2:17.
4tn (33:12) Heb "in it."
5tn (33:17) The Hebrew word (/kty) translated "just" has the basic meaning of "measure." For a similar concept, see Ezek 18:25, 29.
6tn (33:21) This was January 19, 585 B.C.
7tn (33:21) Heb "smitten."
8tn (33:22) The other occurrences of the phrase "the hand of the LORD" in Ezekiel occurs in visions.
9tn (33:22) Heb "he"; the referent has been specified in the translation for clarity.
10tn (33:22) The muteness was lifted (3:26).
11tn (33:24) Outside of Ezekiel this term (hvrwm) occurs only in Exod 6:8 and Deut 33:4.
12tn (33:26) Heb "stand."
13sn (33:29) The judgments of verses 27-29 echo the judgments of Lev 26:22, 25.
14tn (33:30) Heb "sons of your people."
15tn (33:31) The word "as" is supplied in the translation.
16sn (33:32) Similar responses are found in Isa 29:13; Matt 21:28-32; James 1:22-25.
1tn (34:2) The term shepherd is applied to kings in the ancient Near East. In the OT the LORD is often addressed as shepherd of Israel (Gen 49:24; Ps 8:1).
sn (34:2) The imagery of shepherds as Israel's leaders is also employed (Jer 23:1-2).
2tn (34:4) The term harshness (Jrp) was used to describe the oppression the Israelites suffered as slaves in Egypt (Exod 1:13).
3sn (34:12) The imagery may reflect the overthrow of the Israelites by the Babylonians in 587/6 B.C.
4tn (34:14) Heb "good pasture."
5tn (34:21) Heb "outside."
6sn (34:23) Jer 30:9 and Hos 3:5 speak of a future David.
7tn (34:25) Live securely (jfbl) occurs in Ezek 28:26; 38:8, 11, 14; 39:26 as an expression of freedom from fear. It is a promised blessing resulting from obedience in Lev 26:5-6.
8sn (34:25) The woods were considered to be places of danger (Ps 104:20-21; Jer 5:6).
9tn (34:26) Abundant rain is a covenantal blessing for obedience (Lev 26:4).
10tn (34:29) Heb "those gathered" for famine.
11sn (34:29) The blessings described in verses 25-30 are those described for obedience in Lev 26:4-13.
12sn (34:30) A promise given to Abraham (Gen 15:7) and his descendants (Gen 15:8; Exod 6:7).
1sn (35:2) Mount Seir is to be identified with Edom (Ezek 35:15), the descendants of Esau (Gen 25:21-30).
2tn (35:5) The phrase "to the power of the sword" also occurs in Jer 18:21 and Ps 63:11.
3tn (35:10) Heb "them."
4tn (35:13) The meaning of the Hebrew verb (rtu) is uncertain as the word occurs only here in the OT.
1tn (36:3) Heb "lip of the tongue."
2tn (36:7) Heb "I lifted up my hand."
3sn (36:11) These verbs occur together in Gen 1:22, 28; 9:1.
4tn (36:18) The LORD poured out his wrath upon the Israelites in Ezek 7:8; 9:8; 14:19; 20:8, 13, 21; 22:22; 20:15.
5tn (36:18) For the concept in legal literature, see Lev 18:28; Deut 21:23.
6tn (36:22) In Ezek 20 punishment was not meted out "for the sake of God's holy name." Here God's reputation is the basis for restoration.
7tn (36:24) The two words for land in this verse are actually two different Hebrew words.
8tn (36:25) For the use of water in cleansing, see Exod 30:19-20; Lev 14:51; Num 19:18; Heb 10:22.
9tn (36:26) In Rabbinic literature a "stone" was associated with the evil inclination (b. Sukk. 52a).
10sn (36:27) Jer 31:31-34 is parallel to this passage.
11sn (36:37) See Gen 17:2; Lev 26:9.
1tn (37:1) Heb "caused me to rest."
2sn (37:9) The phrase recalls Gen 2:7.
3m/ Heb "bring near."
4The reunification of Israel and Judah is addressed in Ezek 33:23, 29; Jer 3:18; 23:5-6; Hos 1:11; Amos 9:11.
5sn (37:22) Jeremiah also attested to the reuniting of the northern and southern kingdoms (Jer 3:12, 14; 31:2-6).
6tn (37:26) The "everlasting covenant" is also mentioned in Isa 24:5; 55:3; 61:8; Jer 32:40; 50:5; Ezek 16:60.
7tn (37:26) Heb "give them."
8tn (37:28) The sanctuary of Israel becomes the subject of Ezek 40-48.
1sn (38:2) May refer to a Lydian king in west Asia Minor in the seventh century B.C. The only other occurrence of the name occurs in Rev 20:8.
2sn (38:2) One of the sons of Japheth according to Gen 10:2; 1 Chr 1:5.
3sn (38:2) Meshech and Tubal were two nations in Cappadocia of Asia Minor. They were also sons of Japheth (Gen 10:2; 1 Chr 1:5).
4tn (38:8) Heb "it."
5tn (38:9) Heb "go up."
6tn (38:10) Heb "words will go up in your heart."
7tn (38:12) The Hebrew term (rwbf) occurs elsewhere only in Judg 9:37.
8tn (38:13) Heb "young lions."
9tn (38:19) The phrase "in the fire of my fury" occurs in Ezek 21:31; 22:21, 31.
10tn (38:19) Or "shaking."
11tn (38:20) Or "tremble."
12tn (38:20) The term occurs only here and in Song of Songs 2:14.
1tn (39:2) The Hebrew root (avv) occurs only here in the OT. A cognate in the Ethiopian language means "walk along."
2sn (39:10) References to the burning of weapons may be found In Ps 46:9; 76:3.
3sn (39:18) See Rev 19:17-18.
4sn (39:19) Eating the fat and drinking blood were God's exclusive right in Israelite sacrifices (Lev 3:17).
5tn (39:20) Heb "chariots."
6tn (39:25) Heb "return."
7sn (39:29) See Ezek 11:19; 37:14.
1tn (40:1) This was April 19, 573 B.C.
2tn (40:2) The expression introduces the three major visions of Ezekiel (1:1; 8:3; 40:2).
3tn (40:2) Reference to a very high mountain is harmonious with Isa 2:2.
4tn (40:4) Heb "in order to show (it) to you."
5tn (40:5) Heb "house."
6tn (40:5) Heb a measuring rod of six cubits, [each] a cubit and a handbreadth." The measuring units here and in the remainder of this section are the Hebrew "long" cubit, consisting of a cubit (about 18 inches or 45 cm) and a handbreadth (about 3 inches or 7.5 cm), for a total of 21 inches (52.5 cm). Therefore the measuring rod in the man's hand was 10.5 feet (3.15 meters) long. Because modern readers are not familiar with the cubit as a unit of measurement, and the additional complication of the "long" cubit as opposed to the regular cubit, all measurements have been converted to American standard feet and inches, with the Hebrew measurements and the metric equivalents given in the notes.
7tn (40:5) Heb "building."
8tn (40:5) Heb "one rod [or, "reed"]" (also a second time in this verse, twice in v. 6, three times in v. 7, and once in v. 8).
9tn (40:7) Heb "five cubits" (i.e., 2.625 meters) according to the "long" cubit. See the note on the first occurrence of the phrase "ten and a half feet" in v. 5.
10tn (40:9) Heb "eight cubits" (i.e., 4.2 meters).
11tn (40:9) Heb "two cubits" (i.e., 1.05 meters).
12sn (40:10) The three alcoves are parallel to the city-gates found at Megiddo, Hazor, and Gezer.
13tn (40:11) Heb "ten cubits" (i.e., 5.25 meters).
14tn (40:11) Heb "thirteen cubits" (i.e., 6.825 meters).
15tn (40:12) Heb "one cubit" (i.e., 52.5 cm).
16tn (40:12) Heb "six cubits" (i.e., 3.15 meters).
17tn (40:13) Heb "twenty-five cubits" (i.e., 13.125 meters).
18tn (40:14) Heb "made."
19tn (40:14) Heb "sixty cubits" (i.e., 31.5 meters).
20tn (40:14) The word "high" is not in the Hebrew text but is supplied for sense.
21tn (40:15) Heb "fifty cubits" (i.e., 26.25 meters)
22sn (40:16) Palm trees were also a part of Solomon's temple (1 Kgs 6:29, 32, 35).
23tn (40:19) Heb "one hundred cubits" (i.e., 52.5 meters)
24tn (40:21) Heb "fifty cubits" (i.e., 26.25 meters)
25tn (40:21) Heb "twenty-five cubits" (i.e., 13.125 meters).
26tn (40:23) Heb "one hundred cubits" (i.e., 52.5 meters)
27tn (40:25) Heb "as these windows."
28tn (40:25) Heb "fifty cubits" (i.e., 26.25 meters)
29tn (40:25) Heb "twenty-five cubits" (i.e., 13.125 meters).
30tn (40:27) Heb "one hundred cubits" (i.e., 52.5 meters)
31tn (40:29) Heb "fifty cubits" (i.e., 26.25 meters)
32tn (40:29) Heb "twenty-five cubits" (i.e., 13.125 meters).
33tn (40:30) Heb "twenty-five cubits" (i.e., 13.125 meters).
34tn (40:30) Heb "five cubits" (i.e., 2.625 meters).
35tn (40:33) Heb "fifty cubits" (i.e., 26.25 meters).
36tn (40:33) Heb "twenty-five cubits" (i.e., 13.125 meters).
37tn (40:36) Heb "fifty cubits" (i.e., 26.25 meters)
38tn (40:36) Heb "twenty-five cubits" (i.e., 13.125 meters).
39tc (40:37) The LXX reads "porches."
40tn (40:42) Heb "one and a half cubits" (i.e., 78.75 cm).
41tn (40:42) Heb "one and a half cubits" (i.e., 78.75 cm).
42tn (40:42) Heb "one cubit" (i.e., 52.5 cm).
43tc (40:43) This reading is supported by the Aramaic Targum.
44tn (40:43) Heb "one handbreadth" (7.5 cm).
45tn (40:44) "One" is not in the Hebrew text but is supplied for the translation.
46tn (40:47) Heb "one hundred cubits long and one hundred cubits wide" (i.e., 52.5 meters by 52.5 meters).
47tn (40:48) Heb "five cubits" (i.e., 2.625 meters).
48tn (40:48) Heb "three cubits" (i.e., 1.575 meters).
49tn (40:49) Heb "twenty cubits" (i.e., 10.5 meters).
50tn (40:49) Heb "eleven cubits" (i.e., 5.775 meters).
51tc (40:49) The LXX reads "ten steps."
1tn (41:1) Heb "six cubits" (i.e., 3.15 meters).
2tn (41:2) Heb "ten cubits" (i.e., 5.25 meters).
3tn (41:2) Heb "five cubits" (i.e., 2.625 meters).
4tn (41:2) Heb "forty cubits" (i.e., 21 meters).
5tn (41:2) Heb "twenty cubits" (i.e., 10.5 meters).
6tn (41:3) Heb "two cubits" (i.e., 1.05 meters).
7tn (41:3) Heb "six cubits" (i.e., 3.15 meters).
8tn (41:3) Heb "seven cubits" (i.e., 3.675 meters).
9tn (41:4) Heb "twenty cubits" (i.e., 10.5 meters).
10tn (41:4) Heb "twenty cubits" (i.e., 10.5 meters).
11tn (41:5) Heb "house" throughout Ezek 41.
12tn (41:5) Heb "six cubits" (i.e., 3.15 meters).
13tn (41:5) Heb "four cubits" (2.1 meters).
14tn (41:7) The Hebrew term (bswm) occurs only here in the OT.
15tn (41:8) Heb "reed."
16tn (41:8) Heb "six cubits" (i.e., 3.15 meters).
17tn (41:9) Heb "five cubits" (i.e., 2.625 meters).
18tn (41:10) Heb "twenty cubits" (i.e., 10.5 meters).
19tn (41:11) Heb "five cubits" (i.e., 2.625 meters).
20tn (41:12) Heb "seventy cubits" (36.75 meters).
21tn (41:12) Heb "five cubits" (i.e., 2.625 meters).
22tn (41:12) Heb "ninety cubits" (i.e., 47.25 meters).
23tn (41:13) Heb "one hundred cubits" (i.e., 52.5 meters).
24tn (41:13) Heb "one hundred cubits" (i.e., 52.5 meters).
25tn (41:14) Heb "one hundred cubits" (i.e., 52.5 meters).
26tn (41:15) Heb "one hundred cubits" (i.e., 52.5 meters)
27tc (41:15) Some Hebrew MSS read "and its outer court."
28tn (41:15) The Hebrew word ([yjc) occurs only here in the OT.
29tn (41:22) Heb "three cubits" (i.e., 1.575 meters).
30tn (41:22) Heb "two cubits" (i.e., 1.05 meters).
31tc (41:22) Thus the Masoretic text. The LXX reads "base."
32tn (41:24) Heb "turning" leaves.
1tn (42:2) Heb "one hundred cubits" (i.e., 52.5 meters)
2tn (42:2) Heb the door or entrance of the north.
3tn (42:2) Heb "fifty cubits" (i.e., 26.25 meters)
4tn (42:3) Heb "twenty cubits" (i.e., 10.5 meters).
5tn (42:4) Heb "ten cubits" (i.e., 5.25 meters).
6tc (42:4) The LXX and the Peshitta read "one hundred cubits."
tn (42:4) Heb "one cubit" (i.e., 52.5 cm).
7tn (42:6) The phrase "upper chambers" is not in the Hebrew text but is supplied from the context.
8tn (42:7) Heb "fifty cubits" (i.e., 26.25 meters)
9tn (42:8) Heb "fifty cubits" (i.e., 26.25 meters)
10tn (42:8) Heb "one hundred cubits" (i.e., 52.5 meters)
11sn (42:13) The priests are from the Zadokite family (Ezek 40:6; 44:15).
12tn (42:16) Heb "reed" (also in the following verses).
13tn (42:16) Heb "five hundred cubits" (i.e., 262.5 meters).
14tn (42:17) Heb "five hundred cubits" (i.e., 262.5 meters).
15tn (42:18) Heb "five hundred cubits" (i.e., 262.5 meters).
16tn (42:19) Heb "five hundred cubits" (i.e., 262.5 meters).
17tn (42:20) Heb "five hundred cubits" (i.e., 262.5 meters).
18tn (42:20) Heb "five hundred cubits" (i.e., 262.5 meters).
1tn (43:2) Ezekiel observed God leaving the temple from the east (11:23).
2tn (43:2) The "many waters" are found in Ezek 1:24; Rev 1:15; 14:2; 19:6.
3tc (43:3) The Masoretic text reads "I."
4sn (43:5) In 1 Kgs 8:10-11 we find a similar event with regard to Solomon's temple. See also Exod 40:34-35. and Isa 6:4.
5sn (43:7) God's throne is mentioned in Isa 6:1; Jer 3:17.
6tn (43:7) For soles of feet (1 Chr 28:2; Os 99:5; 132:7; Isa 60:13; Lam 2:1).
7tn (43:7) Some suggest reading "stelae" rather than "corpses" based upon Ugaritic usage.
8tn (43:13) Heb "the measurements of the altar by cubits, the cubit being a cubit and a handbreadth." The measuring units here and in the remainder of this section are the Hebrew "long" cubit, consisting of a cubit (about 18 inches or 45 cm) and a handbreadth (about 3 inches or 7.5 cm), for a total of 21 inches (52.5 cm). Because modern readers are not familiar with the cubit as a unit of measurement, and the additional complication of the "long" cubit as opposed to the regular cubit, all measurements have been converted to American standard feet and inches, with the Hebrew measurements and the metric equivalents given in the notes. On the altar see Ezek 40:47.
9tn (43:13) Hebrew (qyj) normally means "bosom." The reference would refer to a hollow in the ground.
10tn (43:13) Heb "one cubit" (i.e., 52.5 cm).
11tn (43:13) The word "high" is not in the Hebrew text but is supplied in the translation for clarity.
12tn (43:13) Heb "one cubit" (i.e., 52.5 cm).
13tn (43:13) Heb "one span." A span was three handbreadths, or about nine inches (i.e., 22.5 cm).
14tc (43:13) Thus the LXX. The Hebrew text reads (bg) "bulge, protuberance, mound."
15tn (43:14) Heb "two cubits" (i.e., 1.05 meters).
16tn (43:14) Heb "one cubit" (i.e., 52.5 cm; the phrase occurs again later in this verse).
17tn (43:14) Heb "four cubits" (i.e., 2.1 meters; the phrase also occurs in the next verse).
18tn (43:16) The word "altar hearth" (lyara) occurs only here in the OT.
19tn (43:16) Heb "twelve cubits" (i.e., 6.3 meters; the phrase occurs twice in this verse).
20tn (43:17) Heb "fourteen"; the word "cubits" is not in the Hebrew texts but is understood from the context; the phrase occurs again later in this verse. Fourteen cubits is about 7.35 meters.
21tn (43:17) Heb "half a cubit" (i.e., 26.25 cm).
22tn (43:17) Heb "one cubit" (i.e., 52.5 cm).
23tn (43:18) For the "sprinkling of blood," see Lev 1:5, 11; 8:19; 9:12.
24tn (43:20) Note the similar language in Lev 16:18.
25tn (43:24) It is likely that salt was used with sacrificial meals (Num 18:19; 2 Chr 13:5).
26tn (43:26) Heb "fill the hands."
27tn (43:27) The people also could partake of the food of the peace offering (Lev 3).
1tn (44:5) Heb "set your heart;" as also in the latter part of the verse.
2tc (44:6) The LXX reads "house of rebellion."
3tc (44:7) The Greek, Syriac, and Latin versions read "you." The Masoretic text reads "they."
4tn (44:8) This word is not in the Hebrew text but is supplied from the context.
5sn (44:9) Tobiah, an Ammonite (Neh 13:8) was dismissed from the temple.
6tn (44:12) Heb "I lifted up my hand."
7sn (44:15) Zadok was a descendant of Aaron through Eleazar (1 Chr 6:50-53), who served as a priest during David's reign (2 Sam 8:17).
8tn (44:18) The idea seems to be anything that causes sweat.
9tn (44:19) For a similar expression of the transmitting of holiness, see Exod 19:12-12; Lev 10:1-2; 2 Sam 6:7. Similar laws concerning the priest are found in Lev 10 and 21.
10tn (44:20) The shaving of the head was associated with mourning (Ezek 7:18).
11tn (44:20) Letting the hair grow was associated with the taking of a vow (Num 6:5; Acts 21:23-26).
12tn (44:23) This was the role of the priest (Lev 10:10).
13tn (44:24) For a historical illustration of the priest carrying out this function, see 2 Chr 19:9-11.
14tn (44:25) This law was part of the legal code for priests (Lev 21:1-3).
15tc (44:26) One Hebrew MS, the LXX and the Peshitta along with Lev 15:13, 28 read the verb as singular.
16tn (44:28) See Num 18:20; Deut 10:9; 18:2; Josh 13:3; 18:7.
17tn (44:31) For this law, see Lev 7:24; 17:15.
1tn (45:1) Heb "a contribution."
2tn (45:1) Heb "twenty-five thousand cubits" (i.e., 13.125 kilometers). The measuring units here are the Hebrew "long" cubit, consisting of a cubit (about 18 inches or 45 cm) and a handbreadth (about 3 inches or 7.5 cm), for a total of 21 inches (52.5 cm). Because modern readers are not familiar with the cubit as a unit of measurement, and the additional complication of the "long" cubit as opposed to the regular cubit, all measurements have been converted to American standard miles (one mile = 5,280 feet), with the Hebrew measurements and the metric equivalents given in the notes.
3tc (45:1) The LXX reads "twenty thousand cubits."
tn (45:1) Heb "ten thousand cubits" (i.e., 5.25 kilometers).
4tn (45:2) Heb "five hundred cubits" (i.e., 262.5 meters); the phrase occurs twice in this verse.
5tn (45:2) Heb "fifty cubits" (i.e., 26.25 meters).
6tn (45:3) Heb "twenty-five thousand cubits" (i.e., 13.125 kilometers).
7tn (45:3) Heb "ten thousand cubits" (i.e., 5.25 kilometers).
8tc (45:4) The LXX apparently understood (vrgm) "open land" instead of (vdqm) "sanctuary."
9tn (45:5) Heb "twenty-five thousand cubits" (i.e., 13.125 kilometers).
10tn (45:5) Heb "ten thousand cubits" (i.e., 5.25 kilometers).
11tc (45:5) Thus the LXX. The MT reads "twenty."
12tn (45:6) Heb "five thousand cubits" (i.e., 2.625 kilometers).
13tn (45:6) Heb "twenty-five thousand cubits" (i.e., 13.125 kilometers).
14sn (45:9) Evictions of the less fortunate by the powerful are described in 1 Kgs 21:1-16; Jer 22:1-5, 13-17; Ezek 22:25.
15tn (45:10) Previous legislation regarding this practice may be found in Lev 19:35-36; Deut 25:13-16; Mic 6:10-12.
16tn (45:10) The ephah was 1/2 bushel.
17tn (45:10) The bath, a liquid measure, was 5 1/2 gallons.
18tn (45:11) The homer was about 5 bushels as a dry measure and 55 gallons as a liquid measure.
19tn (45:16) Heb "be" to this offering.
20tn (45:25) The Feast of Tabernacles (Exod 23:16; 34:22; Deut 16:16).
1tn (46:1) The east gate of the outer court was permanently closed (Ezek 44:2).
2tn (46:5) Heb "a gift of his hand."
3tn (46:6) The phrase "he will offer" is not in the Hebrew text but is warranted from the context.
4tn (46:7) Heb "with the lambs as his hand can reach."
5tn (46:17) That is, the year of Jubilee (Lev 25:8-15).
6tc (46:22) Hebrew (twrfq) is unclear. The LXX and Syriac render "small."
7tn (46:22) Heb "forty cubits" (i.e., 21 meters).
8tn (46:22) Heb "thirty cubits" (i.e., 15.75 meters).
1tn (47:3) Heb "one thousand cubits" (i.e., 525 meters); this phrase occurs three times in the next two verses.
2tn (47:8) Heb "the waters become healed."
3tn (47:9) Heb "two rivers."
4sn (47:10) The Great Sea refers to the Mediterranean Sea (also in vv. 15, 19, 20).
5sn (47:12) See Rev 22:1-2.
6sn (47:13) A portion for Ephraim and Manasseh (Gen 48:17-20).
7sn (47:14) Gen 15:9-21.
8sn (47:15) The measurements resemble those in Num 34:1-2.
9sn (47:22) A similar attitude toward non-Israelites is found in Isa 56:3-8.
1sn (48:2) The tribes descended from the maidservants are placed farthest from the sanctuary.
2sn (48:7) The tribe from which the Messiah would come is given the most prestigious allotment (Gen 49:8-12).
3tn (48:8) Heb "twenty-five thousand cubits" (i.e., 13.125 kilometers).
4tn (48:9) Heb "twenty-five thousand cubits" (i.e., 13.125 kilometers).
5tn (48:9) Heb "ten thousand cubits" (i.e., 5.25 kilometers).
6tn (48:10) Heb "twenty-five thousand cubits" (i.e., 13.125 kilometers).
7tn (48:10) Heb "ten thousand cubits" (i.e., 5.25 kilometers).
8tn (48:10) Heb "ten thousand cubits" (i.e., 5.25 kilometers).
9tn (48:10) Heb "twenty-five thousand cubits" (i.e., 13.125 kilometers).
10tn (48:13) Heb "twenty-five thousand cubits" (i.e., 13.125 kilometers).
11tn (48:13) Heb "ten thousand cubits" (i.e., 5.25 kilometers).
12tn (48:13) Heb "twenty-five thousand cubits" (i.e., 13.125 kilometers).
13tn (48:13) Heb "ten thousand cubits" (i.e., 5.25 kilometers).
14tn (48:15) Heb "five thousand cubits" (i.e., 2.625 kilometers).
15tn (48:15) Heb "twenty-five thousand cubits" (i.e., 13.125 kilometers).
16tn (48:16) Heb "four thousand five hundred cubits" (i.e., 2.36 kilometers); the phrase occurs three more times in this verse.
17tn (48:17) Heb "two hundred fifty cubits" (i.e., 131.25 meters); the phrase occurs three more times in this verse.
18tn (48:18) Heb "ten thousand cubits" (i.e., 5.25 kilometers); the phrase occurs again later in this verse.
19tn (48:20) Heb "twenty-five thousand cubits" (i.e., 13.125 kilometers).
20tn (48:21) Heb "twenty-five thousand cubits" (i.e., 13.125 kilometers).
21tn (48:21) Heb "twenty-five thousand cubits" (i.e., 13.125 kilometers).
22tn (48:28) Traditionally "the Brook of Egypt," although a number of recent translations have "the Wadi of Egypt" (cf. NAB, NIV, NRSV). The word "Egypt" is not in the Hebrew text, but is implied.
23tn (48:30) Heb "four thousand five hundred cubits" (i.e., 2.36 kilometers); the phrase occurs again in vv. 32, 33, 34.
24sn (48:31) See Rev 21:12-14.
25tn (48:35) Heb "eighteen thousand cubits" (i.e., 9.45 kilometers).
26tn (48:35) The phrase "the LORD is there" (hmv hwhy) sounds very similar to "Jerusalem" (<lvwry).
sn (48:35) Rev 21:12-21.